The role of carotenoids in human skin
Open accessAbstract
The human skin, as the boundary organ between the human body and the environment, is under the constant influence of free radicals (FR), both from the outside in and from the inside out. Carotenoids are known to be powerful antioxidant substances playing an essential role in the reactions of neutralization of FR (mainly reactive oxygen species ROS). Carotenoid molecules present in the tissue are capable of neutralizing several attacks of FR, especially ROS, and are then destroyed. Human skin contains carotenoids, such as α-, γ-, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and their isomers, which serve the living cells as a protection against oxidation. Recent studies have reported the possibility to investigate carotenoids in human skin quickly and non-invasively by spectroscopic means. Results obtained from in-vivo studies on human skin have shown that carotenoids are vital components of the antioxidative protective system of the human skin and could serve as marker substances for the overall antioxidative status. Reflecting the nutritional and stress situation of volunteers, carotenoids must be administered by means of antioxidant-rich products, e.g., in the form of fruit and vegetables. Carotenoids are degraded by stress factors of any type, inter alia, sun radiation, contact with environmental hazards, illness, etc. The kinetics of the accumulation and degradation of carotenoids in the skin have been investigated.
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The content of carotenoids in human skin varies, with the highest levels observed in parts of the body with high concentrations of sweat and sebaceous glands (e.g., the forehead and hands).
“The content of carotenoids in human skin varies, with the highest levels observed in parts of the body with high concentrations of sweat and sebaceous glands (e.g., the forehead and hands).”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [229]
In the human body, carotenoids mainly accumulate in lipid tissue cells and the liver.
“In the human body, carotenoids mainly accumulate in lipid tissue cells and the liver.”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [229]
The total content of carotenoids in the skin is influenced by numerous factors, such as the intake of fruits and vegetables, their bioavailability from various foods, supplementation, exposure to UV radiation, air pollution, alcohol consumption, smoking and stress.
“The total content of carotenoids in the skin is influenced by numerous factors, such as the intake of fruits and vegetables, their bioavailability from various foods, supplementation, exposure to UV radiation, air pollution, alcohol consumption, smoking and stress [220,229].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [229]
Carotenoids are present in the horny layer of the epidermis, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy.
“They are also present in the horny layer of the epidermis, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy.”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [229]
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- Authors
- Darvin, M. E., Sterry, W., Lademann, J., & Vergou, T.
- Affiliations
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Darvin, Maxim E.
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-12-16
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 10491-10506
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6264659
- OpenAlex
- W2063103327
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- carotenoids, human skin, antioxidants, free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, carotene, carotenoid degradation, solar radiation, dietary carotenoids
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