CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 247Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated ReceptorsAdipose Tissue and MetabolismParaoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 166 of the 167 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

PPARs as Nuclear Receptors for Nutrient and Energy Metabolism

Open access
Hong, Fan, Pan, Shijia, Guo, Yuan, Xu, Pengfei, Zhai, Yonggong·2019·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules24142545PMC PMC6680900
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

It has been more than 36 years since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were first recognized as enhancers of peroxisome proliferation. Consequently, many studies in different fields have illustrated that PPARs are nuclear receptors that participate in nutrient and energy metabolism and regulate cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis during lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, cell growth, cancer development, and so on. With increasing challenges to human health, PPARs have attracted much attention for their ability to ameliorate metabolic syndromes. In our previous studies, we found that the complex functions of PPARs may be used as future targets in obesity and atherosclerosis treatments. Here, we review three types of PPARs that play overlapping but distinct roles in nutrient and energy metabolism during different metabolic states and in different organs. Furthermore, research has emerged showing that PPARs also play many other roles in inflammation, central nervous system-related diseases, and cancer. Increasingly, drug development has been based on the use of several selective PPARs as modulators to diminish the adverse effects of the PPAR agonists previously used in clinical practice. In conclusion, the complex roles of PPARs in metabolic networks keep these factors in the forefront of research because it is hoped that they will have potential therapeutic effects in future applications.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/molecules24142545

Cites

166 of 166 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Discovery of the PPARs. Landmark events in the advancement of PPARs research.
Figure 1 Discovery of the PPARs. Landmark events in the advancement of PPARs research.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Roles of PPARs in the energy metabolism of various organs. The three types of PPARs are widely expressed in various organs, including the liver, WAT, BAT, pancreas, heart, intestine, and SKM. Regulation differences of these PPARs in different tissues are shown and the first item in each list represents the main PPAR subtype and function for the organ. The filled circle represents PPARα; the empty circle represents PPARγ; the triangle represents PPARβ/δ; the green arrow represents beneficial effect; and the red arrow represents adverse effect. For example, among the three types of PPARs, PPARα is the master regulator in the liver and the activation of it increases FAO, induces ketogenesis, and decreases lipid storage in the liver.
Figure 2 Roles of PPARs in the energy metabolism of various organs. The three types of PPARs are widely expressed in various organs, including the liver, WAT, BAT, pancreas, heart, intestine, and SKM. Regulation differences of these PPARs in different tissues are shown and the first item in each list represents the main PPAR subtype and function for the organ. The filled circle represents PPARα; the empty circle represents PPARγ; the triangle represents PPARβ/δ; the green arrow represents beneficial effect; and the red arrow represents adverse effect. For example, among the three types of PPARs, PPARα is the master regulator in the liver and the activation of it increases FAO, induces ketogenesis, and decreases lipid storage in the liver.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 167 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 247

Related

Metadata

Authors
Hong, F., Pan, S., Guo, Y., Xu, P., & Zhai, Y.
Affiliations
  • Beijing Normal University (CN)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author
  • Xu, Pengfei
  • Zhai, Yonggong
ORCID
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-07-12
Volume
24
Issue
14
Pages
2545
ISSN
1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/molecules24142545
PMC
PMC6680900
OpenAlex
W2961328380
Cited by
233
References
167
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 6
FWCI
2.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31571164, Nos.31271207)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
Keywords
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, nuclear receptors, nutrient metabolism, energy homeostasis, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, obesity, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, central nervous system disorders, cancer, drug development
MeSH terms
Nutrients, Animals, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Organ Specificity, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review