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Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil Against Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

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Melo, Ramaiana Soares, Albuquerque Azevedo, Águida Maria, Gomes Pereira, Antônio Mateus, Rocha, Renan Rhonalty, Bastos Cavalcante, Rafaela Mesquita, Carneiro Matos, Maria Nágila, Ribeiro Lopes, Pedro Henrique, Gomes, Geovany Amorim +7 more·2019·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules24213864PMC PMC6864855
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Abstract

The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil extract of Ocimum gratissimum L. (EOOG) against multiresistant microorganisms in planktonic and biofilm form. Hydrodistillation was used to obtain the EOOG, and the analysis of chemical composition was done by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and flame ionization detection (GC/FID). EOOG biological activity was verified against isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, using four strains for each species. The antibacterial action of EOOG was determined by disk diffusion, microdilution (MIC/MBC), growth curve under sub-MIC exposure, and the combinatorial activity with ciprofloxacin (CIP) and oxacillin (OXA) were determined by checkerboard assay. The EOOG antibiofilm action was performed against the established biofilm and analyzed by crystal violet, colony-forming unit count, and SEM analyses. EOOG yielded 1.66% w/w, with eugenol as the major component (74.83%). The MIC was 1000 µg/mL for the most tested strains. The growth curve showed a lag phase delay for both species, mainly S. aureus, and reduced the growth level of E. coli by half. The combination of EOOG with OXA and CIP led to an additive action for S. aureus. A significant reduction in biofilm biomass and cell viability was verified for S. aureus and E. coli. In conclusion, EOOG has relevant potential as a natural alternative to treat infections caused by multiresistant strains.

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  • Eugenol is widely known for its healing properties, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

    “Eugenol is widely known for its healing properties, consisting of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects [22,23,24] .”

    From Untargeted metabolomics and targeted approach of essential oils to differentiate five Ocimum species using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (2024) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Discussion reports that eugenol-rich essential oil reduced biofilm biomass and viable cells in multidrug-resistant S. aureus and E. coli, supporting the antimicrobial part. No passage in our copy establishes an anti-inflammatory effect of eugenol or the broader claim about its healing properties (searched: anti-inflammatory, inflammation). Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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Authors
Melo, R. S., Albuquerque Azevedo, Á. M., Gomes Pereira, A. M., Rocha, R. R., Bastos Cavalcante, R. M., Carneiro Matos, M. N., Ribeiro Lopes, P. H., Gomes, G. A., Soares Rodrigues, T. H., Santos, H. S. D., Ponte, I. L., Costa, R. A., Brito, G. S., Catunda Júnior, F. E. A., & Carneiro, V. A.
Affiliations
  • Centro Universitário Inta (BR)
  • Center of Bioprospection and Experimentation Molecular Applied (NUBEM), University Center INTA–UNINTA, Sobral, Ceará 62050-100, Brazil
  • Universidade Federal do Ceará (BR)
  • Laboratory of Biofilms and Antimicrobial Agents, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará 62042-280, Brazil
  • Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará 62040-370, Brazil
  • State University of Vale do Acaraú (BR)
  • Pharmaceutical Coordinator of the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Sobral, Sobral, Ceará 62010-550, Brazil
  • Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão (BR)
  • Center for Exact, Natural and Technological Sciences, State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranhão, Imperatriz, Maranhão 65901-480, Brazil
Corresponding author
Carneiro, Victor Alves
ORCID
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-10-26
Volume
24
Issue
21
Pages
3864
ISSN
1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/molecules24213864
PMC
PMC6864855
OpenAlex
W2982156609
Cited by
106
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 1
FWCI
6.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (00986/17)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
Keywords
Ocimum gratissimum, essential oils, antimicrobial activity, multidrug resistance, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, biofilm inhibition, eugenol, combination therapy, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, minimum inhibitory concentration, natural antimicrobials
MeSH terms
Anti-Infective Agents, Ciprofloxacin, Escherichia coli, Oils, Volatile, Oxacillin, Staphylococcus aureus, Biofilms, Ocimum

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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