Untargeted metabolomics and targeted approach of essential oils to differentiate five Ocimum species using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
Open accessAbstract
The chemical profile of essential oils (EOs) obtained from Ocimum species can be used to identify species and assess the potential applications for them. Some kinds of basil (Ocimum L.) are used as medicinal herbs because of the distinct biological activity of their essential oils. The goal of this study was to use chemometrics to distinguish between five closely related species of Ocimum, viz., O. basilicum Linn., O. canum Sims., O. citriodorum, O. gratissimum Linn. and O. sanctum Linn. to distinguish between different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based on their EOs. Through the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) operated under screening mode to determine the compositions of the EOs, total 119 metabolites were found. The VOC composition of the investigated species allowed for distinct differentiation, as demonstrated by untargeted metabolomics and multivariate analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA). Simultaneously using GC-MS selected ion monitoring (SIM) method was established for the simultaneous four major components like Linalool, Caryophyllene, Estragole and Eugenol of quantitative estimation in five different Ocimum species, as well as providing methodological reference for quality control. Based on chromatographic data, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) heat map experimental design were able to successfully distinguish between the five related species. The content was detected in varying proportions between batches of the same species, according to quantitative evaluation i.e., (i) Three different of batches Ocimum basilicum Linn., Estragole was 52.9 %w/w as higher content, Linalool 18.19 %w/w, Caryophyllene 0.3 %w/w, and Eugenol were not detected, (ii) Three different of batches Ocimum canum Sims., Linalool was founds as > 70.82 %w/w as higher content, Caryophyllene 3.41 %w/w, Eugenol 0.8 %w/w and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches, (iii) Three different of batches Ocimum citriodorum., Caryophyllene was found around 34.36 %w/w, Linalool 6.29 %w/w; Eugenol 10.64 %w/w and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches, (iv) Ocimum gratissimum Linn., in three different of batches, Eugenol was found in high content up to 65.77 %w/w, Linalool 1.77 %w/w respectively, Caryophyllene 10.8 %w/w and Estragole not detected in all three different batches, (v) Ocimum sanctum Linn., Eugenol were in high content at 57.21 %w/w, Caryophyllene up to 19.85 %w/w, Linalool and Estragole both were not detected in all three different batches; this could be because of the species nature and the varying climatic circumstances. Ocimum essential oil is a potent antibacterial, antioxidant, repellent, insecticidal, larvicidal, nematocidal, and therapeutic agent (anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipyretic, analgesic, immunomodulatory, etc.) with a vast range of biological action.
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TL;DR
This study combined targeted GC-MS selected-ion monitoring with untargeted profiling to compare essential oils from five Ocimum species and identify species-specific marker compounds. PCA and HCA separated the oils, with estragole, linalool, caryophyllene, and eugenol dominating different species.
Key findings
- Targeted GC-MS quantified four compounds across three batches per species. O. basilicum was estragole-rich (51.03–54.88% w/w), with linalool at 17.63–18.96% and caryophyllene at 0.29–0.3%; eugenol was not detected. O. canum was linalool-rich (70.05–71.97%), with caryophyllene at 3.36–3.45% and eugenol at 0.77–0.81%; estragole was not detected. O. citriodorum had caryophyllene at 33.32–35.28%, linalool at 6.11–6.44%, and eugenol at 10.31–10.94%; estragole was not detected. O. gratissimum had eugenol at 63.92–67.09%, caryophyllene at 10.54–11.0%, and linalool at 1.73–1.80%; estragole was not detected. O. sanctum had eugenol at 56.13–58.16% and caryophyllene at 19.48–20.22%; linalool and estragole were not detected.
- Untargeted GC-MS profiling reported many volatiles; the abstract states 119 metabolites, while the results and discussion mention 150 volatile constituents and 119 selected compounds for HCA. Commonly noted compounds included α-pinene, D-limonene, linalool oxides, linalool, estragole, eugenol, methyleugenol, caryophyllene, aromandendrene, α-humulene, δ-cadinene, caryophyllene oxide, and acetyl eugenol.
- PCA of 150 selected volatiles showed the first three components explaining about 80% of variance (36.4%, 27.57%, and 15.54%), separating O. citriodorum from the other four species. HCA of 119 compounds grouped the oils into five clusters at a cut-off of 0.05.
- Calibration performance for the four targeted analytes showed R² values of 0.998–0.999, LODs of 0.00012–0.00015 mg/ml, and LOQs of 0.00035–0.00045 mg/ml.
Methods
- Essential oils from O. basilicum, O. canum, O. citriodorum, O. gratissimum, and O. sanctum were supplied by Dabur Research and Development Centre, extracted from aerial parts by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
- Quantification used GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode with a VF-Wax MS column and standards for linalool, caryophyllene, estragole, and eugenol; method performance was assessed with linearity, LOD, and LOQ following ICH and SANTE criteria. Untargeted profiling used an HP-5MS UI column in full-scan mode, with retention indices against C7–C30 alkanes and spectral matching to Wiley/NIST libraries.
- Statistical differentiation used PCA and HCA in Mass Profiler Professional, based on three batches per species.
Limitations
- The paper does not state a limitations section.
- Evident from the text: only three batches per species were analyzed, and all oils came from a single supplier/inventory, so source and batch variability may be under-sampled; the text attributes variation to species and climatic conditions but provides no environmental or agronomic metadata.
- Evident from the provided text: metabolite counts are inconsistent (119 versus 150), and Table 4 contains no data rows, limiting assessment of the full comparative untargeted composition.
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Claims the paper makes
4 of 13 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
O. gratissimum oil contained Caryophyllene at 17.69-18.61%.
“followed by major sesquiterpene as Caryophyllene (17.69-18.61%) was identified”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. citriodorum, Caryophyllene was detected at 33.32, 34.49, and 35.28 %w/w across three batches.
“(iii) Three different of batches Ocimum citriodorum., Linalool (6.11, 6.32, 6.44 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (33.32, 34.49, 35.28 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (10.31, 10.68, 10.94 %w/w respectively) and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. sanctum, Eugenol was detected at 57.36, 56.13, and 58.16 %w/w across three batches.
“(v) Ocimum sanctum Linn., Caryophyllene (19.87, 19.48, 20.22 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (57.36, 56.13, 58.16 %w/w respectively), Linalool and Estragole both were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The content of Linalool, Caryophyllene, Estragole, and Eugenol varied between batches of the same Ocimum species.
“The content was detected in varying proportions between batches of the same species, according to quantitative evaluation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A total of twenty-six volatile compounds were identified in the essential oil of O. sanctum.
“A total of twenty-six volatile compounds were identified in the essential oil of O. sanctum, as illustrated in Figure 3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Profiling of the essential oil from O. canum identified a total of thirty-eight compounds.
“Profiling of the essential oil from O. canncum identified a total of thirty-eight compounds that comprise the oil (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. canum, Caryophyllene was detected at 3.43, 3.36, and 3.45 %w/w across three batches.
“(ii) Three different of batches Ocimum canum Sims., Linalool (70.05, 70.46, 71.97 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (3.43, 3.36 and 3.45 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (0.78, 0.77, 0.81 %w/w respectively) and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. canum, Caryophyllene was present at 7.66-7.98%.
“Caryophyllene followed at 7.66-7.98%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. citriodorum, Estragole was not detected in all three batches.
“(iii) Three different of batches Ocimum citriodorum., Linalool (6.11, 6.32, 6.44 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (33.32, 34.49, 35.28 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (10.31, 10.68, 10.94 %w/w respectively) and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. basilicum, Linalool was detected at 18.96, 17.63, and 17.99 %w/w across three batches.
“(i) Three different of batches Ocimum basilicum Linn., Linalool (18.96, 17.63, 17.99 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (0.3, 0.3, 0.29 %w/w respectively); Estragole (54.88, 52.80, 51.03 %w/w respectively) and Eugenol were not detected in all three batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A comprehensive chemical characterization of O. basilicum oil identified thirty-four compounds.
“A comprehensive chemical characterization of O. basilicum oil identified thirty-four compounds that constitute the total oil profile (illustrated in Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The 3D PCA score plot demonstrated a clear differentiation between O. Citriodorum essential oil and the other four Ocimum species.
“The 3D score plot demonstrated a clear differentiation between O. Citriodorum essential oil and the other four Ocimum species”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. basilicum, Eugenol was not detected in all three batches.
“(i) Three different of batches Ocimum basilicum Linn., Linalool (18.96, 17.63, 17.99 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (0.3, 0.3, 0.29 %w/w respectively); Estragole (54.88, 52.80, 51.03 %w/w respectively) and Eugenol were not detected in all three batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. basilicum oil, Linalool was present at 14.3-20.33%.
“Additionally, other notable compounds included (E)-Linalool oxide A (0.95-3.73%),Linalool (14.3-20.33%),α-Longipinene (1.26-1.83%),and 4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (2.77-5.19%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. canum, Linalool was detected at 70.05, 70.46, and 71.97 %w/w across three batches.
“(ii) Three different of batches Ocimum canum Sims., Linalool (70.05, 70.46, 71.97 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (3.43, 3.36 and 3.45 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (0.78, 0.77, 0.81 %w/w respectively) and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. sanctum, the major sesquiterpene identified was Caryophyllene, which accounted for 25.43-26.16%.
“The major sesquiterpene identified was Caryophyllene, which accounted for 25.43-26.16%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. canum, Estragole was not detected in all three batches.
“(ii) Three different of batches Ocimum canum Sims., Linalool (70.05, 70.46, 71.97 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (3.43, 3.36 and 3.45 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (0.78, 0.77, 0.81 %w/w respectively) and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. basilicum, Estragole was detected at 54.88, 52.80, and 51.03 %w/w across three batches.
“(i) Three different of batches Ocimum basilicum Linn., Linalool (18.96, 17.63, 17.99 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (0.3, 0.3, 0.29 %w/w respectively); Estragole (54.88, 52.80, 51.03 %w/w respectively) and Eugenol were not detected in all three batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. citriodorum, Linalool was detected at 6.11, 6.32, and 6.44 %w/w across three batches.
“(iii) Three different of batches Ocimum citriodorum., Linalool (6.11, 6.32, 6.44 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (33.32, 34.49, 35.28 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (10.31, 10.68, 10.94 %w/w respectively) and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. sanctum, Estragole was not detected in all three batches.
“(v) Ocimum sanctum Linn., Caryophyllene (19.87, 19.48, 20.22 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (57.36, 56.13, 58.16 %w/w respectively), Linalool and Estragole both were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. gratissimum, Estragole was not detected in all three batches.
“(iv) Ocimum gratissimum Linn., in three different of batches, Linalool (1.78, 1.73, 1.80 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (10.88, 10.54, 11.0 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (66.32, 63.92, 67.09 %w/w respectively) and Estragole not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The compounds present in significant quantities among the accessions of various Ocimum species include α-Pinene, D-Limonene, (E)-Linalool oxide A, cis-Linalool oxide, Linalool, Estragole, Eugenol, Methyleugenol, α-Elemene, α-Neoclovene, Caryophyllene, Aromandendrene, α-Humulene, δ-Cadinene, α-Cubebene, α-Bisabolene, Caryophyllenyl alcohol, Caryophyllene oxide, and Acetyl eugenol.
“Our investigations into the essential oils from Ocimum species demonstrate that the compounds present in significant quantities among the accessions of various species include α-Pinene, D-Limonene, (E)-Linalool oxide A, cis-Linalool oxide, Linalool, Estragole, Eugenol, Methyleugenol, α-Elemene, α-Neoclovene, Caryophyllene, Aromandendrene, α-Humulene, δ-Cadinene, α-Cubebene, α-Bisabolene, Caryophyl”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Caryophyllene was the primary sesquiterpene in O. citriodorum oil, contributing 17.87-17.93% to its composition.
“Caryophyllene emerged as the primary sesquiterpene, contributing 17.87-17.93%to the oil's composition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. canum, Linalool represented 50.81-51.26% of the composition.
“with Linalool representing 50.81-51.26% of the composition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. gratissimum, Linalool was detected at 1.78, 1.73, and 1.80 %w/w across three batches.
“(iv) Ocimum gratissimum Linn., in three different of batches, Linalool (1.78, 1.73, 1.80 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (10.88, 10.54, 11.0 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (66.32, 63.92, 67.09 %w/w respectively) and Estragole not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The first three principal components explained approximately 80% of the total variance in the original dataset, with contributions of 36.4%, 27.57%, and 15.54%, respectively.
“The first three principal components explained approximately 80% of the total variance in the original dataset, with contributions of 36.4%, 27.57%, and 15.54%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. gratissimum, Caryophyllene was detected at 10.88, 10.54, and 11.0 %w/w across three batches.
“(iv) Ocimum gratissimum Linn., in three different of batches, Linalool (1.78, 1.73, 1.80 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (10.88, 10.54, 11.0 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (66.32, 63.92, 67.09 %w/w respectively) and Estragole not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The VOC composition of the investigated Ocimum species allowed distinct differentiation, as demonstrated by untargeted metabolomics and multivariate analysis using PCA and HCA.
“The VOC composition of the investigated species allowed for distinct differentiation, as demonstrated by untargeted metabolomics and multivariate analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“Based on chromatographic data, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) heat map experimental design were able to successfully distinguish between the five related species.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The five Ocimum species studied (O. basilicum, O. canum, O. citriodorum, O. gratissimum, and O. sanctum) are closely related.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
- Findingown data
O. gratissimum and O. sanctum are characterized by high Eugenol content.
“O. gratissimum and O. sanctum evaluation showcases an awesome chemical signature in the main characterised through its excessive Eugenol content.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
HCA classified Ocimum essential oils into five distinct clusters based on the compounds detected in five different basil oil varieties, with a cut-off value of 0.05.
“The results are illustrated in a dendrogram (Fig. 5), which classified Ocimum essential oils into five distinct clusters based on the compounds detected in five different basil oil varieties, with a cut-off value of 0.05.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The five basil varieties examined revealed Linalool, Caryophyllene, Estragole, and Eugenol as key components.
“The five basil varieties examined revealed Linalool, Caryophyllene, Estragole, and Eugenol as key components, highlighting their relevance in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic sectors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. canum, α-Humulene was the major sesquiterpene, present at 3.71-3.8%.
“α-Humulene was recognized as the major sesquiterpene, present at 3.71-3.8%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. citriodorum, Eugenol was detected at 10.31, 10.68, and 10.94 %w/w across three batches.
“(iii) Three different of batches Ocimum citriodorum., Linalool (6.11, 6.32, 6.44 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (33.32, 34.49, 35.28 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (10.31, 10.68, 10.94 %w/w respectively) and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. canum, monoterpene hydrocarbons were the most abundant.
“The analysis indicated that monoterpene hydrocarbons were the most abundant”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
O. citriodorum essential oil is characterized by the presence of sixty-two volatile compounds.
“The data presented in Table 4 reveal that O. Citriodorum essential oil is characterized by the presence of sixty-two volatile compounds, as illustrated in Figure 3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. sanctum, Caryophyllene was detected at 19.87, 19.48, and 20.22 %w/w across three batches.
“(v) Ocimum sanctum Linn., Caryophyllene (19.87, 19.48, 20.22 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (57.36, 56.13, 58.16 %w/w respectively), Linalool and Estragole both were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Major chemical constituents including D-Limonene, Linalool, 2-Bornanone, Estragole, Eugenol, Methyleugenol, Caryophyllene, Aromandendrene, α-Humulene, and Caryophyllenyl alcohol were found in Ocimum species.
“The major chemical constituents like D-Limonene, Linalool, 2-Bornanone, Estragole, Eugenol, Methyleugenol, Caryophyllene, Aromandendrene, α-Humulene, Caryophyllenyl alcohol etc. were found in Ocimum species.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. gratissimum, Eugenol was detected at 66.32, 63.92, and 67.09 %w/w across three batches.
“(iv) Ocimum gratissimum Linn., in three different of batches, Linalool (1.78, 1.73, 1.80 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (10.88, 10.54, 11.0 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (66.32, 63.92, 67.09 %w/w respectively) and Estragole not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Each peak represents a unique bioactive compound.
“Each top represents a completely unique bioactive compound”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. sanctum, phenylpropanoids were the predominant constituents, comprising 52.21-52.6% of the total oil.
“The profiling of the essential oil revealed that phenylpropanoids were the predominant constituents, comprising 52.21-52.6% of the total oil.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
O. gratissimum oil composition was characterized by a predominance of phenylpropanoids, particularly Eugenol, which represented between 58.67% and 59.83% of the total oil content.
“The composition of basil oil was characterized by a predominance of phenylpropanoids, particularly Eugenol, which represented between 58.67% and 59.83% of the total oil content”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. canum, Eugenol was detected at 0.78, 0.77, and 0.81 %w/w across three batches.
“(ii) Three different of batches Ocimum canum Sims., Linalool (70.05, 70.46, 71.97 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (3.43, 3.36 and 3.45 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (0.78, 0.77, 0.81 %w/w respectively) and Estragole were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
GC-MS profiling identified one hundred fifty volatile constituents across all five Ocimum varieties.
“The chemical profile of Ocimum oil indicates the presence of one hundred fifty volatile constituents, which are found in all five varieties of basil oil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The oil analysis of O. gratissimum showed twenty-one compounds constituting the oil.
“The oil analysis of O.gratissimum showed twenty one compounds constituting of about the oil (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
GC-MS operated under screening mode found a total of 119 metabolites in the essential oils.
“Through the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) operated under screening mode to determine the compositions of the EOs, total 119 metabolites were found.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In O. sanctum, Linalool was not detected in all three batches.
“(v) Ocimum sanctum Linn., Caryophyllene (19.87, 19.48, 20.22 %w/w respectively); Eugenol (57.36, 56.13, 58.16 %w/w respectively), Linalool and Estragole both were not detected in all three different batches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
GC-MS analysis exposed a total of 119 peaks in the oils of the basil species.
“The GC-MS analysis, a cornerstone of this examines, exposed a terrific overall of 119 awesome peaks withinside the oils of those basil species.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In O. basilicum, Caryophyllene was detected at 0.3, 0.3, and 0.29 %w/w across three batches.
“(i) Three different of batches Ocimum basilicum Linn., Linalool (18.96, 17.63, 17.99 %w/w respectively); Caryophyllene (0.3, 0.3, 0.29 %w/w respectively); Estragole (54.88, 52.80, 51.03 %w/w respectively) and Eugenol were not detected in all three batches”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The selected compounds were significant for sample discrimination among the Ocimum species.
“indicating that the selected compounds were significant for sample discrimination (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Compound identities were confirmed by matching retention times and molecular formulas to recognised compounds catalogued in the NIST library.
“their identities have been showed through matching their retention instances and molecular formulation to recognised compounds as catalogued withinside the NIST library.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The identified compounds are effective in differentiating among the various basil oil varieties.
“This distinction suggests that the identified compounds are effective in differentiating among the various basil oil varieties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
A GC-MS SIM method was established for simultaneous quantitative estimation of Linalool, Caryophyllene, Estragole, and Eugenol in five Ocimum species.
“Simultaneously using GC-MS selected ion monitoring (SIM) method was established for the simultaneous four major components like Linalool, Caryophyllene, Estragole and Eugenol of quantitative estimation in five different Ocimum species, as well as providing methodological reference for quality control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The essential oil composition of Ocimum taxa is notably complex and exhibits significant variations influenced by genotype, morphotype, chemotype, environmental conditions, climate, and agronomic practices.
“The essential oil composition of Ocimum taxa is notably complex, exhibiting significant variations influenced by factors such as genotype, morphotype, chemotype, environmental conditions, climate, and agronomic practices associated with different cultivars [6] .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] 6. Grayer RJ, Kite GC, Goldstone FJ, Bryan SE, Paton A, Putievsky E. Infraspecific taxonomy and essential oil chemotypes in sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum. Phytochemistry. 1996 Nov 1;43(5):1033-9. source
- Study design and conductown data
The quantitation limits and linear ranges were suitable for the sensitive and reliable determination of the essential components in the basil oils extracted from the five varieties studied.
“The performance and calibration parameters obtained are summarized in Table 2, indicating that the quantitation limits and linear ranges were suitable for the sensitive and reliable determination of the essential components in the basil oils extracted from the five varieties studied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Based on a scientific literature search, no report was found for a quantification study of basil oils in different Ocimum species following the mass criteria of GC-MS using SIM mode that clearly characterizes the molecules in all five varieties of Ocimum species.
“Based on the scientific literature search no report was found for quantification study of basil oils in different Ocimum species following the mass criteria of GC-MS using SIM mode which clearly characterize the molecules in all the five varieties of Ocimum species.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Drawing from the experimental data, superior varieties of basil oil can be identified that demonstrate the diversity within Ocimum species.
“Drawing from this experimental data, we can identify superior varieties of basil oil that demonstrate the diversity within Ocimum species.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The untargeted PCA approach together with HCA heat map provides additional information on association of compounds to show resemblance between the five Ocimum species varieties.
“Simultaneously untargeted approach using PCA model also gives an additional information along with Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) heat map for association of compounds to show the resemblance between the Ocimum species of five different varieties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7
- May combine two claims. 10
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationEugenol is widely known for its healing properties, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
“Eugenol is widely known for its healing properties, consisting of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects [22,23,24] .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [22] 22. Asha MK, Prashanth D, Murali B, Padmaja R, Amit A. Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum and eugenol. Fitoterapia. 2001 Aug 1;72(6):669-70. source
- cites [23] 23. Tomar H, Rawat A, Nagarkoti K, Prakash O, Kumar R, Srivastava RM, Rawat S, Rawat DS. Ocimum gratissimum L. and Ocimum sanctum L.: Comparative compositional analysis of essential oils and in-vitro biological activities with in-silico PASS prediction and ADME/Tox studies. South African Journal of Botany. 2023 Jun 1; 157:360-71. source
- cites [24] 24. Melo, R.S., Albuquerque Azevedo, Á.M., Gomes Pereira, A.M., Rocha, R.R., Bastos Cavalcante, R.M., Carneiro Matos, M.N., Ribeiro Lopes, P.H., Gomes, G.A., Soares Rodrigues, T.H., Santos, H.S.D. and Ponte, I.L., 2019. Chemical composition and antimicrobial effectiveness of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil against multidrug- resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Molecules, 24(21), p.3864. source
The Discussion reports that eugenol-rich essential oil reduced biofilm biomass and viable cells in multidrug-resistant S. aureus and E. coli, supporting the antimicrobial part. No passage in our copy establishes an anti-inflammatory effect of eugenol or the broader claim about its healing properties (searched: anti-inflammatory, inflammation). Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPCA and HCA are valuable statistical techniques for deriving insights from intricate datasets with many variables, such as volatile compounds in Ocimum oils.
“Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) are valuable statistical techniques employed to derive insights from intricate datasets, particularly when managing a substantial number of variables, such as the volatile compounds present in Ocimum oils [29] .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] 29. Tangpao T, Chung HH, Sommano SR. Aromatic profiles of essential oils from five commonly used Thai basils. Foods. 2018 Oct 24;7(11):175. source
Section 2.6 (page not provided) says PCA was used to summarize differences in volatile components among Ocimum essential oils, and Section 3.2 reports that it revealed groups distinguished by aromatic compounds. The paper does not report using HCA or establish its value for these data; the reference to clustering describes a PCA result, not hierarchical clustering. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLinalool is famed for its soothing and floral aroma and is used in the perfume and beauty industries.
“Linalool, famed for its soothing and floral aroma, discover packages withinside the perfume and beauty industries [25,26] .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [25] 25. Sharmeen JB, Mahomoodally FM, Zengin G, Maggi F. Essential oils as natural sources of fragrance compounds for cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Molecules. 2021 Jan 27;26(3):666. source
The Abstract identifies linalool as a fragrance component used in cosmetics, and section 4, “Chemistry of Essential Oils,” says it is widely used in the perfume industry. Neither passage describes linalool’s aroma as soothing or floral. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [26] 26. Selvi MT, Thirugnanasampandan R, Sundarammal S. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of essential oil of Ocimum canum Sims. from India. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 2015 Jan 1;19(1):97-100. source
The Chemical composition analysis (section 3.1) describes aromatic Ocimum canum oil, but does not discuss linalool’s scent or its use in perfume or beauty products. Searches for linalool, floral fragrance, perfumery, and cosmetic uses found no passage addressing those claims in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn O. basilicum oil, phenylpropanoids were the primary components, with Estragole accounting for 49.49-61.05% of the oil.
“The analysis indicated that phenylpropanoids were the primary components, with Estragole accounting for 49.49-61.05% of the oil.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationO. citriodorum provides a chemical profile proposing phenylpropanoids, with Caryophyllene as a standout compound.
“O. citriodorum provides a chemical profile proposing phenylpropanoids, with Caryophyllene as a standout compound”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationO. basilicum distinguishes itself through a wealthy array of phenylpropanoids, with the dominant compound Estragole.
“O. basilicum distinguishes itself through its wealthy array of phenylpropanoids, drastically proposing the dominant compound Estragole”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataO. canum essential oil contained other significant compounds including α-Pinene (1.59-1.61%), D-Limonene (3.05-3.3%), (E)-Linalool oxide A (1.94-2.06%), Eugenol (1.15-1.39%), Methyleugenol (2.92-2.94%), and α-Bisabolene (4.53-5.22%).
“Other significant compounds included α-Pinene (1.59-1.61%),D-Limonene (3.05-3.3%),(E)-Linalool oxide A (1.94-2.06%),Eugenol (1.15-1.39%),Methyleugenol (2.92-2.94%),and α-Bisabolene (4.53-5.22%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataO. sanctum oil contained other compounds in notable quantities including Eucalyptol (1.01-1.05%), Citronellol (0.88-0.97%), Copaene (0.89-0.93%), α-Humulene (6.91-6.97%), and δ-Cadinene (1.43-1.5%).
“Additionally, other compounds present in notable quantities included Eucalyptol (1.01-1.05%),Citronellol (0.88-0.97%),Copaene (0.89-0.93%), α-Humulene (6.91-6.97%),and δ-Cadinene (1.43-1.5%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe untargeted PCA model clearly differentiated the Ocimum species of basil oils and showed the percentage variation of the major molecules.
“Based on the untargeted approach using the PCA model we were able to clearly differentiate the Ocimum species of basil oils and showed the percentage variation of the major molecules.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenO. canum is predominantly described through its monoterpene hydrocarbons, with Linalool taking the lead.
“Meanwhile, O. canum is predominantly described through its monoterpene hydrocarbons, with Linalool taking the lead.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe essential oil constituents chosen for quantitative analysis were selected due to their scientific significance and pharmacological properties, identified as the predominant active volatile compounds in specific Ocimum species.
“The essential oil constituents chosen for quantitative analysis were selected due to their scientific significance and pharmacological properties, identified as the predominant active volatile compounds in specific Ocimum species [1,14,15] .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [1] 1. Pandey AK, Singh P, Tripathi NN. Chemistry and bioactivities of essential oils of some Ocimum species: an overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2014;4(9):682-94. source
- cites [14] 14. Raina AP, Misra RC. Chemo-divergence in essential oil composition among germplasm collection of five Ocimum species from eastern coastal plains of India. Journal of Essential oil Research. 2018 Jan 2;30(1):47-55. source
- cites [15] 15. Verma S. Chemical constituents and pharmacological action of Ocimum sanctum (Indian holy basil-Tulsi). The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2016;5(5):205-7.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe Caryophyllene content in O. citriodorum oil (17.87-17.93%) was higher than previously reported for this species.
“Major Caryophyllene content found in the range of 17.87-17.93% in O. Citriodorum oil which was on the higher side as compared to the previous literature report on this species [14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Raina AP, Misra RC. Chemo-divergence in essential oil composition among germplasm collection of five Ocimum species from eastern coastal plains of India. Journal of Essential oil Research. 2018 Jan 2;30(1):47-55. source
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe analytical method was developed in accordance with ICH guidelines, addressing calibration parameters, specificity, sensitivity, and LOD/LOQ determined via a signal-to-noise ratio approach.
“The analytical method was developed in accordance with ICH guidelines, addressing calibration parameters such as linear range, correlation coefficient (R²), slope, and interface, as well as specificity, sensitivity, and limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ), determined via a signal-to-noise ratio approach.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe mass selection criteria for identification and quantification using GC-MS were guided by the SANTE 11312/2021 framework.
“The mass selection criteria for identification and quantification using GC-MS were guided by the SANTE 11312/2021 [16] framework (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] 16. European Commission. Method Validation and Quality Control Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed; Document N• SANTE/11312/2021; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationCompounds were identified by comparison of their retention indices and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds or with databases retention index, using the HP-5MS column and literature retention indices.
“Compounds were identified by comparison of their Retention indices (RI) and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds or with databases retention index, RI Exp.indicates retention indices determined on the HP-5MS column, RI Lit.indicates retention indices from literature (Raina et al., 2017) and NIST Library.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Raina et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown dataThe variability in chemical properties identified in this study underscores the necessity for precise botanical identification and an understanding of the plant's origin utilized in traditional medicine.
“The variability in the chemical properties identified in this study underscores the necessity for precise botanical identification and an understanding of the plant's origin utilized in traditional medicine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The chemical profiles obtained from the analyzed samples are representative of the respective Ocimum species and are not substantially influenced by environmental or processing factors.
The paper relies on this without support.
The five Ocimum species studied (O. basilicum, O. canum, O. citriodorum, O. gratissimum, and O. sanctum) are closely related.
“The goal of this study was to use chemometrics to distinguish between five closely related species of Ocimum, viz., O. basilicum Linn., O. canum Sims., O. citriodorum, O. gratissimum Linn.and O. sanctum Linn.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The chemical profiles obtained from the analyzed samples are representative of the respective Ocimum species and are not substantially influenced by environmental or processing factors.
“The variability in the chemical properties identified in this study underscores the necessity for precise botanical identification and an understanding of the plant's origin utilized in traditional medicine.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The reported total of volatile compounds changes from 119 to 150
MajorThe abstract reports 119 metabolites from GC-MS screening, while the results report 150 volatile constituents in the oils. Both are presented as totals for the study's chemical profiling.
“Through the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) operated under screening mode to determine the compositions of the EOs, total 119 metabolites were found.”
“The chemical profile of Ocimum oil indicates the presence of one hundred fifty volatile constituents, which are found in all five varieties of basil oil.”
Constituents said to occur in every variety exceed one variety's entire profile
MinorThe results say that 150 constituents occur in all five varieties, but later identify only 21 compounds in O. gratissimum. Both statements cannot describe the same species profiles.
“The chemical profile of Ocimum oil indicates the presence of one hundred fifty volatile constituents, which are found in all five varieties of basil oil.”
“The oil analysis of O.gratissimum showed twenty one compounds constituting of about the oil (Fig. 3).”
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [15]15. Verma S. Chemical constituents and pharmacological action of Ocimum sanctum (Indian holy basil-Tulsi). The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2016;5(5):205-7.
- [30]30. Tangpao T, Chung HH, Sommano SR. Aromatic profiles of essential oils from five commonly used Thai basils. Foods. 2018 Oct 24;7(11):175.
- [31]31. Khosla MK, Aggarwal SG, Kaul MK. Biogenesis of essential oil of Clocimum (Ocimum gratissimum Linn.). Indian Perfumer. 2005; 49:67-71.
- [32]32. Lawrence BM. Progress in essential oils. Perfumer and Flavorist. 2000 Aug 2;25(1):33-.
- [36]36. Vieira RF, Simon JE. Chemical characterization of basil (Ocimum spp.) based on volatile oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 2006 Mar;21(2):214-21.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jaiswal, R. P., Chugh, V., Nagar, S., Purwar, S., Azam, A., & Verma, A. (2025) · Biochemistry Research International · doi:10.1155/bri/7121687 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Te GC-MS was performed, as per the method already streamline by Jaiswal et al. [22].”
Self-citationJaiswal, R. P., Khan, I., Pasrija, A., Mishra, B., Gupta, P. K., Patil, K., & Mitra, R. (2026) · Separation Science Plus · doi:10.1002/sscp.70315
Self-citation
- Authors
- Jaiswal, R. P., Pasrija, A., Mishra, B., Gupta, P. K., & Mitra, R.
- Affiliations
- Dabur (India) (IN)
- Venue
- The Journal of Phytopharmacology
- Publisher
- BioMed Research Publishers
- Published
- 2024-12-31
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 424-436
- ISSN
- 2320-480X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4406297455
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Phytopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Traditional Chinese Medicine Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses
- Keywords
- Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum sanctum, volatile organic compounds, linalool, caryophyllene, estragole, eugenol, selected ion monitoring, chemometrics, species identification, quality control, medicinal plants, batch-to-batch variation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
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