Catalytic Production of Jet Fuels from Biomass
Open accessAbstract
Concerns about depleting fossil fuels and global warming effects are pushing our society to search for new renewable sources of energy with the potential to substitute coal, natural gas, and petroleum. In this sense, biomass, the only renewable source of carbon available on Earth, is the perfect replacement for petroleum in producing renewable fuels. The aviation sector is responsible for a significant fraction of greenhouse gas emissions, and two billion barrels of petroleum are being consumed annually to produce the jet fuels required to transport people and goods around the world. Governments are pushing directives to replace fossil fuel-derived jet fuels with those derived from biomass. The present mini review is aimed to summarize the main technologies available today for converting biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a molecular weight and structure suitable for being used as aviation fuels. Particular emphasis will be placed on those routes involving heterogeneous catalysts.
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Palm oil and many crops obtained from deforestation are not encouraged as these cause further environmental damage in different sectors.
“Palm oil and many crops obtained from deforestation are not encouraged as these cause further environmental damage in different sectors [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Due to the nature of jet fuels, alternative fuels currently employed in road transportation and biodiesel cannot be used within the aviation industry.
“Due to the nature of jet fuels, alternative fuels currently employed in road transportation and biodiesel cannot be used within the aviation industry.”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
The gasification process requires conversion of biomass feedstock lignocellulose into syngas under high-temperature conditions while controlling the oxidant species present.
“The gasification process requires conversion of biomass feedstock lignocellulose into syngas under high-temperature conditions while controlling the oxidant species present [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
This increases the cost and time of this process, which poses a problem for commercial-scale implementation.
“This increases the cost and time of this process, which poses a problem for commercial-scale implementation [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Jet fuel alternatives must be utilised at low temperatures and display high energy density to supply the energetic demand of long-haul flights, properties which biodiesels do not display.
“Jet fuel alternatives (e.g., fuels derived from biomass) must also be utilised at low temperatures and also display high energy density to supply the energetic demand of long-haul flights, properties which biodiesels do not display [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Currently, there are many alternative fuels suggested that could help decarbonise the aviation industry and thus reduce the environmental impact of the sector.
“Currently, there are many alternative fuels suggested that could help decarbonise the aviation industry and thus reduce the environmental impact of the sector [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
A wide range of vegetable oil feedstocks have been reported, including camelina, canola rapeseed, soybean and jatropha oils, although production of jet fuels utilising these oils is controversial as the production is not entirely sustainable.
“Furthermore, a wide range of vegetable oil feedstocks have been reported, these include camelina, canola rapeseed, soybean and jatropha oils, although production of jet fuels utilising these oils is controversial as the production is not entirely sustainable [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
As a non-edible crop, camelina possesses a high oil content, but growing this crop purely for oil uses poses a question regarding feedstock availability and land use concerns.
“As a non-edible crop, camelina possesses a high oil content, but, growing this crop purely for oil uses poses a question regarding feedstock availability and land use concerns [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
The formation of aromatic paraffins is important for use in jet fuels as they contribute to ensuring valves in engine systems are sealed properly by promoting swelling of the valve.
“The formation of aromatic paraffins is important for use in jet fuels as they contribute to ensuring valves in engine systems are sealed properly by promoting swelling of the valve [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Waste oils possess a higher abundance of impurities which could interact with catalysts present and disrupt hydroprocessing.
“Furthermore, waste oils possess a higher abundance of impurities which could interact with catalysts present and disrupt hydroprocessing [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
To effectively convert these to jet fuels many steps are required involving oxygen removal and C-C coupling reactions to increase the carbon length to 9-16 in line with kerosene fuels.
“To effectively convert these to jet fuels many steps are required involving oxygen removal and C-C coupling reactions to increase the carbon length to 9-16 in line with kerosene fuels [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
The literature has reported promising results from the vegetable oils processed into jet fuels, with many reports indicating these fuels have been already blended with CAF to power commercial jets.
“The literature has reported promising results from the vegetable oils processed into jet fuels, with many reports indicating these fuels have been already blended with CAF to power commercial jets [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Presently, the iso-butanol/ethanol feedstock is generally obtained through sugar microbial fermentation commonly employed in both wine and beer production processes.
“Presently, the iso-butanol/ethanol feedstock is generally obtained through sugar microbial fermentation commonly employed in both wine and beer production processes [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
ATJ-SPK could only be employed within short-haul flights because its energy density would decrease aircraft flight range.
“Although the implementation of iso-butanol would be promising, this ATJ-SPK could only be employed within short-haul flights as the energy density of the fuel would decrease the aircraft flight range if employing this fuel [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
ATJ-SPK must be blended with kerosene at approximately 15 vol% to be used as aviation fuel.
“Unfortunately, ATJ-SPK would also be required to be blended with kerosene (approx.15 vol%) to be used as aviation fuel [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
ATJ-SPK would also be required to be blended with kerosene (approx.15 vol%) to be used as aviation fuel.
“Unfortunately, ATJ-SPK would also be required to be blended with kerosene (approx.15 vol%) to be used as aviation fuel [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Iso-butanol/ethanol feedstock is generally obtained through sugar microbial fermentation, as used in wine and beer production.
“Presently, the iso-butanol/ethanol feedstock is generally obtained through sugar microbial fermentation commonly employed in both wine and beer production processes [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
ATJ-SPK implementation is at the beginning stage of development, particularly focusing on iso-butanol, which can produce aromatic paraffins required in jet fuel.
“The implementation of ATJ-SPK is at the beginning stage of development, particularly focusing on iso-butanol, as it can also be employed to produce aromatic paraffins which are also a required component of jet fuel.”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
ATJ-SPK presents an advantage over FT-SPK because FT-SPK only produces saturated linear hydrocarbons.
“This presents an advantage over FT-SPK, as this process only produces saturated linear hydrocarbons [120].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Díaz-Pérez, M. A., & Serrano-Ruiz, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Materials and Sustainability Group, Department of Engineering, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Avda. de las Universidades s/n, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Seville, Spain
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-02-12
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 802
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7071043
- OpenAlex
- W3006351403
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (RYC-2015-19230)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Catalysis for Biomass Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
- Keywords
- jet fuel, biomass conversion, heterogeneous catalysis, aviation fuel, renewable fuels, liquid hydrocarbon fuels, biofuels, aviation emissions, catalytic upgrading
- MeSH terms
- Catalysis, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Biomass, Biofuels, Natural Gas
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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