Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled with LC-MS/MS for the Analysis of Two Ochratoxins in Capsicum
Open accessAbstract
Ochratoxins, a common class of mycotoxin in capsicum, and techniques and methods for the determination of mycotoxins in spices have been increasingly developed in recent years. An innovative and eco-friendly method of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was demonstrated in this study, based on a synthesized deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with LC-MS/MS, for the quantification and analysis of two ochratoxins in capsicum. The DES-DLLME method parameters entail selecting the DES type (thymol:decanoic acid, molar ratio 1:1) and DES volume (100 μL). The volume of water (3 mL) and salt concentration (0 g) undergo optimization following a step-by-step approach to achieve optimal target substance extraction efficiency. The matrix effect associated with the direct detection of the target substance in capsicum was significantly reduced in this study by the addition of isotopic internal standards corresponding to the target substance. This facilitated optimal conditions wherein quantitative analysis using LC-MS/MS revealed a linear range of 0.50–250.00 µg/mL, with all two curves calibrated with internal standards showing correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0.9995. The method’s limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) fell in the ranges of 0.14–0.45 μg/kg and 0.45–1.45 μg/kg, respectively. The method’s spiked recoveries ranged from 81.97 to 105.17%, indicating its sensitivity and accuracy. The environmental friendliness of the technique was assessed using two green assessment tools, AGREE and complexGAPI, and the results showed that the technique was more in line with the concept of sustainable development compared to other techniques for detecting ochratoxins in capsicum. Overall, this study provides a new approach for the determination of mycotoxins in a complex food matrix such as capsicum and other spices using DES and also contributes to the application of green analytical chemistry methods in the food industry.
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DLLME-based methods are still widely adopted due to fast extraction kinetics, reduced solvent usage, simple sample handling, and high preconcentration capability.
“Among these, DLLME-based methods are still widely adopted due to their fast extraction kinetics, reduced solvent usage, simple sample handling, and high preconcentration capability [46,47,57,63,66,67,71,81,83,85,87,89,90].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [71]
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“Among these, DLLME-based methods are still widely adopted due to their fast extraction kinetics, reduced solvent usage, simple sample handling, and high preconcentration capability [46,47,57,63,66,67,71,81,83,85,87,89,90].”
- Authors
- Yang, H., Li, J., Mao, J., Xu, C., Song, J., & Xie, F.
- Affiliations
- Guiyang Medical University (CN)
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Hongbo
- Mao, Jianfei
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-11-16
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 7634
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10673409
- OpenAlex
- W4388735199
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21966011, Qiankehezhicheng (2020) 1Y167, Qiankezhongyindi (2021) 4039, XBOH J Zi (2020) No. 044)
- Science and Technology Planning Project of Guizhou Province (21966011, Qiankehezhicheng (2020) 1Y167, Qiankezhongyindi (2021) 4039, XBOH J Zi (2020) No. 044)
- Guizhou Medical University Doctoral Initiation Fund, Project Contract (21966011, Qiankehezhicheng (2020) 1Y167, Qiankezhongyindi (2021) 4039, XBOH J Zi (2020) No. 044)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Keywords
- ochratoxin, Capsicum, deep eutectic solvents, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, mycotoxin analysis, matrix effects, isotope-labeled internal standards, green analytical chemistry, food safety, spices
- MeSH terms
- Deep Eutectic Solvents, Capsicum, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Liquid, Mycotoxins, Ochratoxins, Solvents, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Limit of Detection, Liquid Phase Microextraction
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