CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 15Assistive Technology in Communication and MobilityInnovative Human-Technology InteractionDigital Accessibility for Disabilities

Customizing and Evaluating Accessible Multisensory Music Experiences with Pre-Verbal Children—A Case Study on the Perception of Musical Haptics Using Participatory Design with Proxies

Open access
Frid, Emma, Panariello, Claudio, Núñez-Pacheco, Claudia·2022·Multimodal Technologies and Interaction
DOI 10.3390/mti6070055
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Research on Accessible Digital Musical Instruments (ADMIs) has highlighted the need for participatory design methods, i.e., to actively include users as co-designers and informants in the design process. However, very little work has explored how pre-verbal children with Profound and Multiple Disabilities (PMLD) can be involved in such processes. In this paper, we apply in-depth qualitative and mixed methodologies in a case study with four students with PMLD. Using Participatory Design with Proxies (PDwP), we assess how these students can be involved in the customization and evaluation of the design of a multisensory music experience intended for a large-scale ADMI. Results from an experiment focused on communication of musical haptics highlighted the diversity in employed interaction strategies used by the children, accessibility limitations of the current multisensory experience design, and the importance of using a multifaceted variety of qualitative and quantitative methods to arrive at more informed conclusions when applying a design with proxies methodology.

Verified 2026-10-07 · 1 reference not checked yet

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This 1.5-year case study used Participatory Design with Proxies to customize and evaluate a multisensory music experience in the Sound Forest installation with four pre-verbal children with PMLD. The experiment found no clear onset difference between haptic and non-haptic conditions, but large interpersonal differences in interaction strategies, accessibility limitations, and the value of combining qualitative and quantitative proxy methods.

Key findings

  • No clear difference in sound-producing onsets between haptic and non-haptic conditions: wheelchair-haptics on had mean 39.3 (median 27.5, SD 48.5) vs wheelchair-haptics off mean 94.3 (median 17.5, SD 163.5); floor-haptics on mean 6.5 (median 1.5, SD 11.0) vs floor-haptics off mean 16.0 (median 0.0, SD 32.0).
  • Large interpersonal differences were observed: student-triggered onsets ranged from 6 to 528 across participants, and play duration ranged from approximately 1 min for P2 to 10 min for P4.
  • Interaction strategies were diverse: P1 primarily held the string with two hands, P2 enclosed it, P3 struck it, and P4 pulled it back and forth; P4 also used head strikes, biting, and pushing away with the palm.
  • Body maps showed all students annotated the head region for the wheelchair-haptics condition; floor-haptics condition involved more regions overall. For wheelchair-haptics, all answers suggested the students liked the sensations; for floor-haptics, P2 reportedly disliked it due to “bright light and that it was too easy,” while P3 used PODD to say he disliked vibrations but the teacher interpreted it as liking them.

Methods

  • A 1.5-year Participatory Design with Proxies study with four students with PMLD (2F, 2M, age 9–15) at Dibber Rullen, involving parents and teachers as proxies. Prestudies included platform frequency-response measurements, observation of a music/dance lesson, semi-structured interviews with teacher proxies, a parent questionnaire distributed to n = 19 parents (only the four study children’s results presented), music listening sessions, PODD-based introduction to musical haptics, and Haptic Music Player sessions.
  • The Sound Forest experiment used four 5-min conditions (wheelchair-haptics on: WH; wheelchair-haptics off: W; floor-haptics on: FH; floor-haptics off: F), with order reversed for two students. Data included four stationary video cameras, mobile camera operators, audio recording, onset timestamps/amplitudes, body map questionnaires, micro-phenomenological interviews with three observers, and a stimulated-recall final interview with teacher proxies.
  • Analysis involved resynthesizing sounds and generating temporal onset plots, manually counting student- versus teacher-triggered onsets, labeling interactions and expressions, and using thematic analysis for micro-phenomenological interviews and content analysis for the final teacher-proxy interview.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the research relied largely on descriptive narratives provided by proxies; proxy evaluation introduces ambiguity in musical preference assessment; the limited number of participants means results are not generalizable; the in-the-wild design makes it difficult to isolate specific effects; and only a small group of researchers performed the qualitative analyses.
  • The text also makes evident that fatigue increased as the experiment progressed for P1, P3, and P4, complicating condition comparisons; 20 min of music was considered long for sensory stimulation; COVID-19 restrictions limited in-person contact to one physical encounter; and string sensitivity was not high enough for all students, especially those with less hand strength.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/mti6070055

Cites

84 of 86 references verified0 citation errors · 1 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 24 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The experiment on communication of musical haptics highlighted diversity in the interaction strategies employed by the children.

    “Results from an experiment focused on communication of musical haptics highlighted the diversity in employed interaction strategies used by the children”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The experiment highlighted accessibility limitations of the current multisensory experience design.

    “accessibility limitations of the current multisensory experience design”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The forest excerpt (excerpt 3, a soundscape with bird songs) was popular among the students.

    “The forest excerpt (excerpt 3, a soundscape with bird songs) was popular among the students.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Dance was an important part of the musical interactions taking place during the observed music class.

    “Two main conclusions could be drawn from attending the lesson described in Section 2.4.2: the music used during the class mostly had a clear and prominent rhythm, and dance was an important part of the musical interactions taking place.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Based on the observed reactions and the discussion with the teacher, we could not conclude that excerpts with clear rhythms were the only popular ones.

    “Based on the observed reactions and the discussion with the teacher, we could not conclude that excerpts with clear rhythms were the only popular ones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 70
  • May combine two claims. 27

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The students would likely not be bothered by the fact that researchers would be present in the room during the experiment.

    “Furthermore, they would likely not be bothered by the fact that researchers would be present in the room during the experiment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other excerpts that seemed to work well were 4 and 12 (category 1), 5 and 11 (category 2), and 10 (category 3).

    “Other excerpts that seemed to work well were 4 and 12 (category 1), 5 and 11 (category 2), and 10 (category 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    None of the parents reported that their child could play a musical instrument or sing.

    “None of the parents reported that their child could play a musical instrument or sing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The parents of P1 and P2 reported a level 4 interest in music, P3 a level 10, and P4 a level 8.

    “Regarding musical interest (where 0 corresponded to strongly disagreeing, and 10 corresponded to strongly agreeing that the child is interested in music), the parents of P1 and P2 reported a level 4 interest, P3 a level 10, and P4 a level 8.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Excerpts 7 (category 3) and 8 (category 2) were not appreciated.

    “Analysis of videos suggested that excerpts 7 (category 3) and 8 (category 2) were not appreciated (see Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The teacher and teaching assistants agreed that lying down on the platforms to listen to the sounds might suit some students, whereas triggering sounds yourself might suit others.

    “The teacher and teaching assistants agreed that lying down on the platforms to listen to the sounds might suit some students, whereas triggering sounds yourself might suit others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    P2 has a broad taste in music, from children's songs to hard rock.

    “P2 has a broad taste in music, from children's songs to hard rock.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The music was usually played from a Bluetooth speaker connected to an iPad.

    “The music was usually played from a Bluetooth speaker connected to an iPad.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Some sounds were more popular than others, and several students clearly showed that they liked specific excerpts.

    “Some sounds were more popular than others, and several students clearly showed that they liked specific excerpts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Resonances are shifted if the body weight of a human is placed on top of the platform, with different effects if the subject is standing, sitting in a wheelchair, or lying down on the platform.

    “Resonances are shifted if the body weight of a human is placed on top of the platform (as can be seen in Figure 7), with different effects if the subject is standing, sitting in a wheelchair, or lying down on the platform.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    P4 had not tested any music technology.

    “The parents of P4 reported that he had not tested any music technology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    P1 had not tried out any music technology or other electronic music-making tools.

    “P1 had not tried out any music technology or other electronic music-making tools.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The parachute often was used outdoors as a musical game.

    “One of the teaching assistants had previously described that the parachute (see Figure 8) often was used outdoors as a musical game.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The students responded through dance movements performed with their hands, sometimes followed by clapping.

    “The students responded through dance movements performed with their hands, sometimes followed by clapping.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The teacher and teaching assistants believed that the student group that we had observed during the music/dance lesson would be able to interact with the strings.

    “They believed that the student group that we had observed during the music/dance lesson would be able to interact with the strings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    A lot of focus was on dance, with pauses between each music excerpt and PODD discussions.

    “A lot of focus was on dance, with pauses between each music excerpt and PODD discussions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The PODD pages dedicated to music described the following concepts: me, you, to play, to listen, to dance, to sing, to increase the volume, to lower the volume, to turn off the sound, instruments, albums, and songs.

    “The PODD pages dedicated to music described the following concepts: me, you, to play, to listen, to dance, to sing, to increase the volume, to lower the volume, to turn off the sound, instruments, albums, and songs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    P3 had tested a synthesizer.

    “He had also tested a synthesizer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    The three HMPs differed in terms of affordances.

    “The Haptic Music Players differed in terms of affordances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingreasoning

    The students had a very diverse taste in music overall.

    “We could also conclude that the students had a very diverse taste in music overall.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    All music/dance classes started with a song, to announce that the lesson had begun.

    “From this interview, we learned that all music/dance classes started with a song, to announce that the lesson had begun.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    When it comes to the use of PODD, and if the students liked or disliked the music, the students appeared to reply most of the time.

    “When it comes to the use of PODD, and if the students liked or disliked the music, the students appeared to reply most of the time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    A key design consideration for the HMPs was robustness and durability.

    “A conclusion from the conversations with the teacher was that a key design consideration for the HMPs was robustness and durability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The students had very different musical preferences.

    “The teacher and teaching assistants also described that the students had very different musical preferences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    It appeared as though the students listened more actively, focusing, when enjoying certain sounds.

    “Through dialogue with the teacher, we understood that it appeared as though the students listened more actively, focusing, when enjoying certain sounds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The PODD books used during the experiment also included images that allow you to describe if you like versus dislike something, represented by a happy versus sad emoji.

    “Apart from the pictures presented in these figures, the PODD books used during the experiment also included images that allow you to describe if you like versus dislike something.This was represented by a happy versus sad emoji.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    P2 likes some of the musical instruments that are available at the school and tries to play on them.

    “The parents of P2 reported that she likes some of the musical instruments that are available at the school and that she tries to play on them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    P3 likes loud music with a lot of rhythm, Christmas music for children, children's music, pop music, music from Melodifestivalen, and Disney music.

    “P3 likes loud music with a lot of rhythm, Christmas music for children, children's music, pop music, music from the Swedish music competition Melodifestivalen [107], and Disney music.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Wikipedia (2022, June 26). Melodifestivalen. Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodifestivalen.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The PODD books are individual and may differ somewhat between students, depending on their interests.

    “The PODD books are individual and may therefore differ somewhat between students, depending on their interests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The students need a lot of repetition to learn.

    “Our students need a lot of repetition to learn, and therefore we work thematically and we have more time to listen to a country's music.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Some of the students at the school have epilepsy, but the lights in Sound Forest had not been an issue when they visited last time.

    “The teacher and teaching assistants also described that some of the students at the school have epilepsy but that the lights in Sound Forest had not been an issue when they visited last time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The students had a broad taste in music overall.

    “The questionnaire results also suggested that the students had a broad taste in music overall.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Repetition is an important aspect of the school's pedagogical practice.

    “Based on our conversations with the teacher and teaching assistants, we understood that repetition is an important aspect of the school's pedagogical practice.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The students may signal their preferences by pointing on pictures in the PODD books or by making sounds.

    “The students may also signal their preferences by pointing on pictures in the PODD books or by making sounds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Some students were mostly observing, while others actively interacted with the parachute using their hands or legs.

    “Some students were mostly observing, while others actively interacted with the parachute using their hands or legs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The student group usually cannot concentrate for more than 30 min.

    “When discussing how to adapt the experiment procedure to the student's needs, the teacher and teaching assistants mentioned that the student group usually cannot concentrate for more than 30 min.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The haptic condition in wheelchair (WH) had a mean of 39.3 (median = 27.5, SD = 48.5), whereas the nonhaptic condition in wheelchair had a mean of 94.3 (median = 17.5, SD = 163.5).

    “The haptic condition in wheelchair (WH) had a mean of 39.3 (median = 27.5, SD = 48.5),whereas the nonhaptic condition in wheelchair had a mean of 94.3 (median = 17.5, SD = 163.5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The teacher had experienced technical problems with the plush toy backpack (HMP 2), so this device was only explored without haptic feedback.

    “The teacher had experienced technical problems with the plush toy backpack (HMP 2), so this device was only explored without haptic feedback.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The corresponding numbers for the floor conditions were 6.5 for the haptic condition FH (median = 1.5, SD = 11.0), and 16.0 for the nonhaptic condition F (median = 0.0, SD = 32.0).

    “The corresponding numbers for the floor conditions were 6.5 for the haptic condition FH (median = 1.5, SD = 11.0), and 16.0 for the nonhaptic condition F (median = 0.0, SD = 32.0).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    20 min of music was quite long for the participants.

    “However, our results also highlighted that 20 min of music was quite long.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The sound design used in the experiment appeared to work well in creating a relaxing and ever-changing sonic experience, with a constant yet not overwhelming vibration from the haptic floor.

    “First of all, the sound design used in the experiment appeared to work well in terms of creating a relaxing and ever-changing sonic experience, with a constant yet not overwhelming vibration coming from the haptic floor.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    P1's main interaction strategy was to hold the string firmly with two hands.

    “P1's main interaction strategy was to hold the string firmly with two hands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The evaluation interviews revealed that the students managed to actively engage with the devices using different modes of listening, both individually and as a group.

    “The evaluation interviews revealed that the students managed to actively engage with the devices using different modes of listening, both individually and as a group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The teacher confirmed that the design of the objects seemed to work in the sense that the HMPs caught the students' attention.

    “The teacher confirmed that the design of the objects seemed to work in the sense that the HMPs caught the students' attention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In the first condition (W: wheelchair-haptics off), P1 was exploring the string slowly with careful movements, holding it with one or two hands.

    “In the first condition (W: wheelchair-haptics off), P1 was exploring the string slowly with careful movements, holding it with one or two hands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    P1 produced eight sounds in the first condition (W: wheelchair-haptics off).

    “She produced eight sounds but spent a large portion of the condition not engaging with the string.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Amplifying certain vibrations in a concert venue or music reproduction system can improve the musical experience.

    “Studies have suggested that amplifying certain vibrations in a concert venue or music reproduction system can improve the musical experience [22]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Merchel, 2013, Auditory-Tactile Music Perception, Proc. Meet. Acoust. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Haptic technology can assist musicians in making gestures.

    “Research has also shown that haptic technology can assist musicians in making gestures [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Berdahl, E., Niemeyer, G., and Smith, J.O. (2009, January 4–6). Using Haptics to Assist Performers in Making Gestures to a Musical Instrument. Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The majority of ADMIs in [1] were designed to be used by a single person, and few ADMIs were large-scale instruments encouraging collaborative play.

    “Moreover, the majority of the ADMIs in [1] were designed to be used by a single person, and few ADMIs were large-scale instruments encouraging collaborative play.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Frid, E. (2019). Accessible Digital Musical Instruments—A Review of Musical Interfaces in Inclusive Music Practice. Multimodal Technol. Interact., 3. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most reviewed ADMIs were designed for people with physical disabilities (39.8%), whereas less work had been dedicated to instruments designed for people with complex needs (6.0%), persons who are non-vocal (6.0%), hard of hearing (6.0%) or have a visual impairment (3.6%).

    “The systematic review on ADMIs published in 2019 [1] also revealed that most of the reviewed instruments were designed for people with physical disabilities (39.8%), whereas less work had been dedicated to instruments designed for people with complex needs (6.0%), persons who are non-vocal (6.0%), hard of hearing (6.0%) or have a visual impairment (3.6%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Frid, E. (2019). Accessible Digital Musical Instruments—A Review of Musical Interfaces in Inclusive Music Practice. Multimodal Technol. Interact., 3. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All parents gave written informed consent before participation.

    “All parents gave written informed consent before participation and agreed to the data being collected as described in the consent form.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The teacher proxies filled out a consent form and gave written informed consent prior to participation.

    “The teacher proxies also filled out a consent form and gave written informed consent prior to participation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Management of datasets that include personal information of study participants was compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

    “Management of datasets that include personal information of study participants was compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Musical haptics could potentially facilitate access to music for persons affected by somatosensory, visual, and hearing impairments.

    “As pointed out in [13], musical haptics could potentially facilitate access to music for persons affected by somatosensory, visual, and hearing impairments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Papetti, S., and Saitis, C. (2018). Musical Haptics: Introduction. Musical Haptics, Springer Nature. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The experiment in Sound Forest was the only physical encounter with the student group.

    “This was the only physical encounter we had with the student group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was carried out in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.

    “The study was carried out in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Only the Principal Investigator had access to videos and images of the students.

    “Only the Principal Investigator had access to videos and images of the students; none of this material is published as Supplementary Material.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Obtained results were compared to the recorded onset data to separate the number of onsets triggered by the student versus the teacher and teaching assistants.

    “Obtained results were compared to the recorded onset data to separate the number of onsets triggered by the student versus the teacher and teaching assistants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: It is not possible to know from the recorded onset data alone which sounds were triggered by the student versus the teacher proxies.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The order of conditions was reversed for two students to investigate if there was an effect of starting with haptics.

    “The order was reversed for two students to investigate if there was an effect of starting with haptics (P1 and P4 started with haptics off, whereas P2 and P3 started with haptics on).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    An inclusion criterion in which there had to be at least three quotes to be considered as a theme was defined.

    “As such, an inclusion criterion in which there had to be at least three quotes to be considered as a theme was defined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    COVID-19 restrictions greatly affected the extent to which researchers could connect with the students.

    “This greatly affected the extent to which we could connect with the students; social-distancing measures were required to ensure the safety of the users since they are a risk group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The potential of vibroacoustic therapy for persons with disabilities has been stressed.

    “The potential of vibroacoustic therapy for persons with disabilities has also been stressed [26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Hooper, 2001, An Introduction to Vibroacoustic Therapy and an Examination of its Place in Music Therapy Practice, Br. J. Music. Ther. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The research procedure was reviewed by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (application No. 2021-06307-01).

    “The research procedure described in this paper was reviewed by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (application No. 2021-06307-01).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    There is a need for more rigorous research to assess and evaluate the impact of multisensory rooms on children with PMLD.

    “To summarise, there is a need for more rigorous research to assess and evaluate the impact of multisensory rooms on children with PMLD, as suggested in [56].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Ayer, 1998, Use of Multi-Sensory Rooms for Children with Profound and Multiple Learning Disabilities, J. Learn. Disabil. Nursing Health Soc. Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Proxy evaluation introduces an additional level of ambiguity in the assessment of musical preference.

    “Of course, proxy evaluation introduces yet another level of ambiguity in the assessment process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The teacher proxies' interpretations of the students' reactions accurately reflect the students' experiences and preferences.
    • Rests on an assumption: Musical preference can be meaningfully assessed in pre-verbal children through proxy evaluation.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationnone given

    Using a multifaceted variety of qualitative and quantitative methods is important to arrive at more informed conclusions when applying a design with proxies methodology.

    “Results highlighted the diversity in interaction strategies used by the children, limitations in terms of the accessibility of the current multisensory experience design, and the importance of using a multifaceted variety of qualitative and quantitative methods to arrive at more informed conclusions when applying a design with proxies methodology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    One of the limitations of the current work relates to the assessment of musical preference.

    “One of the limitations of the current work relates to the assessment of musical preference.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Musical preference can be meaningfully assessed in pre-verbal children through proxy evaluation.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies carried out in the wild can be most revealing and demonstrate quite different results from lab studies, showing how people come to understand and appropriate technologies on their own terms and for their own situated purposes.

    “Nevertheless, the outcome of studies carried out in the wild can be most revealing and demonstrate quite different results from those arising out of lab studies [114], showing how people come to understand and appropriate technologies on their own terms and for their own situated purposes [67].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [114] Rogers, Y., Connelly, K., Tedesco, L., Hazlewood, W., Kurtz, A., Hall, R.E., Hursey, J., and Toscos, T. (2007, January 16–19). Why it’s Worth the Hassle: The Value of In-Situ Studies when Designing Ubicomp. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, Innsbruck, Austria. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [67] Rogers, 2011, Interaction Design Gone Wild: Striving for Wild Theory, Interactions source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study addressed the above-mentioned limitations by combining several different methods of data collection and using different proxies (parents and teachers).

    “In our current work, we have tried to address the above-mentioned limitations by combining several different methods of data collection, using different proxies (parents and teachers).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The funder had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

    “The funder had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Evaluation of the aesthetics of music occurs in most cultures, but these processes are not yet fully understood.

    “Even if evaluation of the aesthetics of music occurs in most cultures, these processes are not yet fully understood [112].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [112] Eisenberg, 2003, A Matter of Taste: Evaluating Improvised Music, Creat. Res. J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Only a small group of researchers were involved in the qualitative analyses of the material presented in this work.

    “Finally, only a small group of researchers were involved in the qualitative analyses of the material presented in this work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Music preferences are known to change over time.

    “Music preferences are also known to change over time, something that has been stressed in music recommendation literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Working with proxies is never the same as working directly with the users, and this method introduces an additional layer of ambiguity into the research process.

    “Nevertheless, it should be noted that working with proxies is never the same as working directly with the users and that this method introduces an additional layer of ambiguity into the research process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The teacher proxies' interpretations of the students' reactions accurately reflect the students' experiences and preferences.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

    “Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    This methodology, especially when used in the wild at the school without the researchers being present, puts a lot of responsibility on the proxies to actively engage the users in the co-design process.

    “Moreover, this methodology, especially when used in the wild at the school (without the researchers being present), puts a lot of responsibility on the proxies to actively engage the users in the co-design process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Measures can be taken to aid preference assessments in interactions between teachers and students with disability; for example, the timing of when a question is asked matters.

    “For example, the importance of timing, i.e., when you ask a question, has been stressed [113].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [113] Madsen, 1990, Measuring Musical Response, Music. Educ. J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (protocol code 2021-06307-01, approved 24 January 2022).

    “The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (protocol code 2021-06307-01 and date of approval 24 January 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
78 of 78

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    To the authors' knowledge, little previous work has investigated how children with PMLD can act as informants in design processes focused on multisensory installations and large-scale ADMIs.

    “To the authors' knowledge, little previous work has investigated how children with PMLD can act as informants in design processes focused on multisensory installations and large-scale ADMIs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Such frameworks have not yet been extensively evaluated.

    “However, such frameworks have not yet been extensively evaluated.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Relatively little has still been published on how to best evaluate musical interactions taking place in MSEs, especially for children with PMLD.

    “Going beyond discussions of effectiveness measures [53], relatively little has still been published on how to best evaluate musical interactions taking place in MSEs, especially for children with PMLD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The full potential of haptics in ADMI design remains to be explored.

    “and the full potential of haptics in ADMI design remains to be explored.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is not possible to know from the recorded onset data alone which sounds were triggered by the student versus the teacher proxies.

    “This procedure was used since it is not possible to know from the recorded onset data alone which sounds were triggered by the student versus the teacher proxies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The teacher proxies' interpretations of the students' bodily expressions and PODD responses accurately reflect the students' experiences and preferences.

    “In our work, we attempted to gather as much information as possible through proxies, meaning that the parents and the teacher/teaching assistants played a vital role when it came to including the students as informants and co-designers of the multisensory experience design.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The students' engagement and interaction strategies observed in the experiment reflect their experience of the multisensory design rather than unrelated factors.

    “Findings from multiple time points in the research process highlighted the importance of combining different methods, as well as different proxies, both in the design phase as well as the evaluation of our work, in order to understand the complex interactions taking place.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The teacher proxies' interpretations of the students' reactions accurately reflect the students' experiences and preferences.

    “Our research relied largely on descriptive narratives provided by proxies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Musical preference can be meaningfully assessed in pre-verbal children through proxy evaluation.

    “One of the limitations of the current work relates to the assessment of musical preference.”
9 of 9

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Decreasing time between hits is assigned opposite pitch effects

    Minor

    The sound-design description says more frequent hits produce higher pitches, then says that a decreasing interval between hits makes pitches return toward their fundamentals. A decreasing interval means more frequent hits.

  • P2 is identified as P3 in the third-condition account

    Minor

    The paragraph describes P2's four conditions, but identifies the student in the third condition as P3 before referring to that student as "her."

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 87 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Schroeder, 2021, Accessibility of Musical Expression: Co-edited Journal with Selected Papers of NIME2020. A Special Issue Commissioned by MIT (Schroeder, editorial), Comput. Music J., 44, 1
  2. Galembo, A., and Askenfelt, A. (2003, January 8–13). Quality Assessment of Musical Instruments–Effects of Multimodality. Proceedings of the 5th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music (ESCOM5), Hannover, Germany.
  3. Fontana, F., Avanzini, F., Jarvelainen, H., Papetti, S., Klauer, G., and Malavolta, L. (August, January 26–31). Rendering and Subjective Evaluation of Real vs. Synthetic Vibrotactile Cues on a Digital Piano Keyboard. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sound and Music Computing (SMC2015), Maynooth, Ireland.
  4. Frid, E., and Lindetorp, H. (June, January 20). Haptic Music: Exploring Whole-Body Vibrations and Tactile Sound for a Multisensory Music Installation. Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference (SMC2020), Malaga, Spain. · DOI
  5. Ferrigon, 2019, Person-First Language vs. Identity-First Language: An Examination of the Gains and Drawbacks of Disability Language in Society, J. Teach. Disabil. Stud., 70, 255
  6. Svahn, M., Hölling, J., Curtsson, F., and Nokelainen, N. (2021, January 14–18). The Rullen Band. Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, Shanghai, China.
  7. Small, C. (1998). Musicking: The Meanings of Performing and Listening, Wesleyan University Press.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Frid, E., Panariello, C., & Núñez-Pacheco, C.
Affiliations
  • Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique Musique (FR)
  • KTH Royal Institute of Technology (SE)
Corresponding author
Frid, Emma
ORCID
Venue
Multimodal Technologies and Interaction
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-07-17
Volume
6
Issue
7
Pages
55
ISSN
2414-4088 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/mti6070055
OpenAlex
W4285731635
Cited by
15
References
87
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5
FWCI
4.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) (2020-00343)
  • Royal Swedish Academy of Music (Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien) (2020-00343)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
  • Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
Keywords
preverbal children, profound multiple disabilities, user involvement in design, interaction strategies, accessibility evaluation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review