The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Impact of Color Blindness on Player Engagement and Emotional Experiences: A Multimodal Study in a Game-Based Environment
Abstract
Color blindness can create challenges in recognizing visual cues, potentially affecting players’ performance, emotional involvement, and overall gaming experience. This study examines the impact of color blindness on player engagement and emotional experiences in digital games. The research aims to analyze how color-blind individuals engage with and emotionally respond to games, offering insights into more inclusive and accessible game design. An experiment-based study was conducted using a between-group design with a total of 13 participants, including 5 color-blind and 8 non-color-blind participants (aged 18–30). The sample was carefully selected to ensure participants had similar levels of digital gaming experience and familiarity with digital games, reducing potential biases related to skill or prior exposure. A custom-designed game, “Color Quest,” was developed to assess engagement and emotional responses. Emotional responses were measured through Emotion AI analysis, video recordings, and self-reported feedback forms. Participants were also asked to rate their engagement and emotional experience on a 1 to 5 scale, with additional qualitative feedback collected for deeper insights. The results indicate that color-blind players generally reported lower engagement levels compared to non-color-blind players. Although quantitative data did not reveal a direct correlation between color blindness and visual experience, self-reported feedback suggests that color-related design choices negatively impact emotional involvement and player immersion. Furthermore, in the survey responses from participants, color-blind individuals rated their experiences lower compared to individuals with normal vision. Participants emphasized that certain visual elements created difficulties in gameplay, and alternative sensory cues, such as audio feedback, helped mitigate these challenges. This study presents an experimental evaluation of color blindness in gaming, emphasizing how sensory adaptation strategies can support player engagement and emotional experience. This study contributes to game accessibility research by highlighting the importance of perceptual diversity and inclusive sensory design in enhancing player engagement for color-blind individuals.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Valdez, P., & Mehrabian, A. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.123.4.394 · Cited by 1,104
Research works printed but not linked: 23
- Chai, M.T., Amin, H.U., Izhar, L.I., Saad, M.N.M., Abdul Rahman, M., Malik, A.S., and Tang, T.B. (2019). Exploring EEG effective connectivity network in estimating influence of color on emotion and memory. Front. Neuroinformatics, 13. · DOI
- Pinheiro, 2023, Why should red and green never be seen? Exploring color blindness simulations as tools to create chromatically accessible games, Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., 7, 165, 10.1145/3611026 · DOI · Paper page
- Molina-López, J., and Medina-Medina, N. (2019, January 25–28). Design proto-patterns to improve the interaction in video games of people with color blindness. Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, Donostia Gipuzkoa, Spain. · doi:10.1145/3335595.3335612
- Napoli, D., and Chiasson, S. (2018, January 21–26). Exploring the Impact of Colour-Blindness on Computer Game Performance. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada. · DOI
- Kerac, J., Keresteš, N.M., and Dedijer, S. (2022, January 3–5). An overview of the user experience in online video game players with colour vision deficiency. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia.
- Yu, D. (2015). See a Different World: Interactive Storytelling for Children to Raise Awareness of Color Blindness. [Master’s Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology].
- Baalsrud Hauge, J., Judd, N., Stefan, I.A., and Stefan, A. (2018). Perspectives on accessibility in digital games. Entertainment Computing–ICEC 2018: 17th IFIP TC 14 International Conference, Held at the 24th IFIP World Computer Congress, WCC 2018, Poznan, Poland, 17–20 September 2018, Proceedings, Springer International Publishing.
- Plothe, 2018, The Whose View of Hue?: Disability adaptability for color blindness in the digital game Hue, GAME Games Art Media Entertain., 1, 41
- Nguyen, L.C., Do, E.Y.L., Chia, A., Wang, Y., and Duh, H.B.L. (May, January 26). DoDo game, a color vision deficiency screening test for young children. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Paiva, I.M., Siqueira, S., and Ferreira, S.B.L. (2021, January 18–22). The Windows 10’s Color Filter Feature as an Aid for Color Blind People in the Use of Websites. Proceedings of the XX Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Virtual. · doi:10.1145/3472301.3484341
- Pinheiro, M., Viana, W., Andrade, R., and Darin, T. (2021, January 18–22). Flying colors: Using color blindness simulations in the development of accessible mobile games. Proceedings of the XX Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Virtual. · DOI
- Elliot, 2014, Color psychology: Effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 65, 95, 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115035 · DOI · Paper page
- Kaya, 2004, Relationship between color and emotion: A study of college students, Coll. Stud. J., 38, 396
- Mohr, 2022, Is Purple Lost in Translation? The Affective Meaning of Purple, Violet, and Lilac Cognates in 16 Languages and 30 Populations, J. Psycholinguist. Res., 52, 853
- Camenzind, 2021, Colour-emotion associations in individuals with red-green colour blindness, PeerJ, 9, e11180, 10.7717/peerj.11180 · DOI
- Geslin, 2016, How color properties can be used to elicit emotions in video games, Int. J. Comput. Games Technol., 2016, 182768, 10.1155/2016/5182768 · DOI
- Dalgleish, T., and Power, M. (1999). Basic emotions. Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, John Wiley & Sons. Available online: https://www.paulekman.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Basic-Emotions.pdf.
- Howell, N., Hartsoe, W.F., Amin, J., and Naman, V. (2024, January 13–16). Reflective Design for Informal Participatory Algorithm Auditing: A Case Study with Emotion AI. Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Uppsala Sweden. · DOI
- Glazunova, 2024, Information and Communication Technologies in Education, Research, and Industrial Applications, Managing Student Engagement During the Educational Process Using the MorphCast AI Tool, Proceedings of 19th International Conference, ICTERI 2024, Lviv, Ukraine, 23–27 September 2024, Volume 2359, 133
- Zignego, M.I., Bertirotti, A., Gemelli, P.A., and Pagani, L. (December, January 29). Neurodesign: A Game-Changer in Educational Contexts. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference for Design Education Researchers, London, UK.
- Avolicino, S., Di Gregorio, M., Palomba, F., Romano, M., Sebillo, M., and Vitiello, G. (2022). HCI International 2022-Late Breaking Papers. Design, User Experience and Interaction. AI-Based Emotion Recognition to Study Users’ Perception of Dark Patterns, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2022, Virtual Event, June 26–July 1 2022, Springer. · DOI
- Huang, 2023, Coral Morph: An Artistic Shape-Changing Textile Installation for Mindful Emotion Regulation in the Wild, Int. J. Hum.–Comput. Interact., 41, 1173, 10.1080/10447318.2024.2313283 · DOI
- Ekman, 1992, An argument for basic emotions, Cogn. Emot., 6, 169, 10.1080/02699939208411068 · DOI · Paper page
Metadata
- Authors
- Tillem, M., & Gün, A.
- Venue
- Multimodal Technologies and Interaction
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-06-13
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 62
- ISSN
- 2414-4088
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 1
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Impact of Color Blindness on Player Engagement and Emotional Experiences: A Multimodal Study in a Game-Based Environment. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/mti9060062
- The paper
- Tillem, M., & Gün, A. (2025). The Impact of Color Blindness on Player Engagement and Emotional Experiences: A Multimodal Study in a Game-Based Environment. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9060062
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
