The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 57 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo
Open accessAbstract
Polymer hydrogels have been suggested as dressing materials for the treatment of cutaneous wounds and tissue revitalization. In this work, we report the development of a hydrogel composed of natural polymers (sodium alginate and gelatin) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with recognized antimicrobial activity for healing cutaneous lesions. For the development of the hydrogel, different ratios of sodium alginate and gelatin have been tested, while different concentrations of AgNO3 precursor (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mM) were assayed for the production of AgNPs. The obtained AgNPs exhibited a characteristic peak between 430–450 nm in the ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectrum suggesting a spheroidal form, which was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT–IR) analysis suggested the formation of strong intermolecular interactions as hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attractions between polymers, showing bands at 2920, 2852, 1500, and 1640 cm−1. Significant bactericidal activity was observed for the hydrogel, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 0.50 µg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 53.0 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. AgNPs were shown to be non-cytotoxic against fibroblast cells. The in vivo studies in female Wister rats confirmed the capacity of the AgNP-loaded hydrogels to reduce the wound size compared to uncoated injuries promoting histological changes in the healing tissue over the time course of wound healing, as in earlier development and maturation of granulation tissue. The developed hydrogel with AgNPs has healing potential for clinical applications.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
An alginate/gelatin hydrogel loaded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was bactericidal in vitro, non-cytotoxic to fibroblasts, and improved wound closure and granulation tissue maturation in female Wistar rats. The AgNP-loaded hydrogel reduced wound area more than hydrogel alone or untreated controls, especially on postoperative days 3 and 7.
Key findings
- The 80:20 sodium alginate/gelatin ratio gave higher consistency suitable for topical use; AgNO₃ at 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mM produced spheroidal AgNPs with a UV–Vis peak at 430–450 nm. TEM showed AgNPs of approximately 7.5–8.3 nm at 1 mM and approximately 20–34 nm at 4 mM.
- The AgNP hydrogel showed MIC values of 0.50 µg/mL against *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* and 53.0 µg/mL against *Staphylococcus aureus*; gelatin and sodium alginate alone showed no antimicrobial activity.
- Cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblasts: sodium alginate, gelatin, and 4 mM AgNPs gave 100%, 96.66%, and 96% cell viability, respectively; pure silver nitrate gave 47.33% living cells and was the only sample with a statistically significant difference versus the negative control (p < 0.05).
- In vivo, wound area reductions were: day 3, GHP 46.03%, GH 30.63%, GCTR 17.61%; day 7, GHP 81.14%, GH 65.11%, GCTR 45.66%. GHP showed earlier granulation tissue maturation, and on day 14 GH and GHP presented cellular fibrous scar with epithelial buddings.
Methods
- Hydrogels were prepared from sodium alginate and gelatin (2% m/v each) at ratios of 80:20, 50:50, and 20:80, with AgNO₃ added at 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mM; characterization used UV–Vis, FT–IR, DSC/TGA, and TEM.
- Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay in human fibroblast L929 cells; MIC was determined by microdilution against *S. aureus* ATCC 25923 and *P. aeruginosa* ATCC 27853.
- In vivo wound healing used adult female Wistar rats (250 ± 50 g), 8-mm dorsal punch wounds, divided into GCTR, GH (80:20 hydrogel), and GHP (4 mM AgNO₃ hydrogel), n = 9 per group (total 27 animals), assessed on days 3, 7, and 14 by photography, digital caliper, ImageJ, and HE histology; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test, p < 0.05.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: no splinted wound model was used to prevent contraction or induce healing by re-epithelialization, so healing was mainly by myofibroblast-mediated contraction; the precise mechanisms underlying the biological effects are not fully clarified, and further studies are needed.
- Evident from the text: in vivo testing used only female rats, one AgNP hydrogel concentration (4 mM AgNO₃), and a 14-day follow-up; antimicrobial activity was tested in vitro against only two bacterial strains, and no infected wound model or clinical study was reported.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 1 Not valid · 41 Not checked · 74 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increased hydrogel concentration up to 4.0 mM induced the reduction of the MIC values in both strains.”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 3. Results and Discussion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Comparing with the literature [41], sodium alginate and gelatin showed less thermal stability than the produced hydrogel.”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 3. Results and Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Devi, 2013, Smart porous microparticles based on gelatin/sodium alginate polyelectrolyte complex, J. Food Eng. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results and Discussion · plain
“TEM was performed to determine the morphology of the AgNPs (Figure 4), which exhibited a spherical shape and size dependent on the concentration of silver nitrate.”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3. Results and Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant bactericidal activity was observed for the hydrogel, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 0.50 µg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results and Discussion · plain
“A significant bactericidal action was observed both against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a minimum bacterial increase of 0.50 µg/mL”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3. Results and Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values recorded for the treatment with Hydrogels at 1.0 mM and 2.0 mM remained constant for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 3. Results and Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
53 more claims
Create a free account to see all 116 claims and to verify the 55 references still open.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 37
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.7. Biological Assays
“the equivalent specimens were removed from the scar area with margins of 3.0 mm for histological characterization.”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.7. Biological Assays
“Removal of the specimens was equivalent to a scar area with a 0.5 cm margin of whole skin around the lesion”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.7. Biological Assays
“The cytotoxicity assay was carried out against human fibroblast L929 cell lines [27,28].”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 3. Results and Discussion
“A viability assay was carried out on human fibroblast L2929 testing all components used for the production of silver nanoparticles at the maximum concentration of 150 μg/mL in DMSO 5%.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 3. Results and Discussion
“Sabadini et al. [42] reported similar thermogravimetric results in hydrogel analysis consisting of sodium alginate and chitosan.”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > References
“42. Sabadini R.C. Martins V.C. Pawlicka A. Synthesis and characterization of gellan gum: chitosan biohydrogels for soil humidity control and fertilizer release”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 3. Results and Discussion
“This result corroborates the study of Rescignano et al. [44] in which all hydrogels incorporating AgNPs showed inhibition of bacterial growth”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > References
“44. Rescignano N. Fortunati E. Montesano S. Emiliani C. Kenny J. Martino S. Armentano I. PVA bio-nanocomposites: a new take-off using cellulose nanocrystals and PLGA nanoparticles”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 3. Results and Discussion
“only GH and GHP showed epithelial buddings compatible with the neoformation of rudimentary cutaneous appendages.”
§ Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo > 3. Results and Discussion
“the formation of rudimentary cutaneous appendages in the GHP group, but not in the others”
Citations
Cites
Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations
Peppas, N. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0939-6411(00)00090-4 · Cited by 4,011
WINTER, G. D. (1962) · Nature · doi:10.1038/193293a0 · Cited by 2,253
Kamoun, E. A., Kenawy, E.-R. S., & Chen, X. (2017) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2017.01.005 · Cited by 1,707
Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview
Sánchez-López, E., Gomes, D., Esteruelas, G., Bonilla, L., Lopez-Machado, A. L., Galindo, R., Cano, A., Espina, M., Ettcheto, M., Camins, A., et al. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano10020292 · Cited by 1,474
Self-citationThe Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin
Salehi, B., Venditti, A., Sharifi-Rad, M., Kręgiel, D., Sharifi-Rad, J., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Santini, A., Souto, E. B., Novellino, E., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20061305 · Cited by 1,238
Self-citationNatural and synthetic polymers for wounds and burns dressing
Mogoşanu, G. D., & Grumezescu, A. M. (2014) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.015 · Cited by 1,052
Impregnation of silver nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose for antimicrobial wound dressing
Maneerung, T., Tokura, S., & Rujiravanit, R. (2008) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.025 · Cited by 995
Topical Delivery of Silver Nanoparticles Promotes Wound Healing
Tian, J., Wong, K. K. Y., Ho, C., Lok, C., Yu, W., Che, C., Chiu, J., & Tam, P. K. H. (2007) · ChemMedChem · doi:10.1002/cmdc.200600171 · Cited by 983
Aderibigbe, B., & Buyana, B. (2018) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics10020042 · Cited by 850
How Staphylococcus aureus biofilms develop their characteristic structure
Periasamy, S., Joo, H.-S., Duong, A. C., Bach, T.-H. L., Tan, V. Y., Chatterjee, S. S., Cheung, G. Y. C., & Otto, M. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1115006109 · Cited by 640
Cited by
Alginate hydrogel dressings for advanced wound management
Zhang, M., & Zhao, X. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.311 · Cited by 616
Alginate and its application to tissue engineering
Sahoo, D. R., & Biswal, T. (2021) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-020-04096-w · Cited by 517
Alginate: From Food Industry to Biomedical Applications and Management of Metabolic Disorders
Gheorghita Puscaselu, R., Lobiuc, A., Dimian, M., & Covasa, M. (2020) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym12102417 · Cited by 470
A review of current advancements for wound healing: Biomaterial applications and medical devices
Deng, X., Gould, M., & Ali, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials · doi:10.1002/jbm.b.35086 · Cited by 355
Structural and biological engineering of 3D hydrogels for wound healing
Norahan, M. H., Pedroza-González, S. C., Sánchez-Salazar, M. G., Álvarez, M. M., & Trujillo de Santiago, G. (2023) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.019 · Cited by 338
Metadata
- Authors
- Diniz, F., Maia, R., de Andrade, L. R., Andrade, L., Vinicius Chaud, M., da Silva, C., Corrêa, C., de Albuquerque Junior, R., Pereira da Costa, L., Shin, S., Hassan, S., Sanchez-Lopez, E., Souto, E., & Severino, P.
- Affiliations
- Tiradentes University (UNIT) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil
- Universidade Tiradentes (BR)
- Department of Technological and Environmental Processes, Sorocaba University (UNISO), Rod. Raposo Tavares, Km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe (BR)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Souto, Eliana
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nanomaterials
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-02-23
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 390
- ISSN
- 2079-4991 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7075327
- OpenAlex
- W3007098666
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 16
- FWCI
- 31.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2020-02-23)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nanomaterials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) (M-ERA-NET/0004/2015 (PAIRED) and UIDB/04469/2020)
- Coordenação Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Sergipe (FAPITEC), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, #443238/2014-6, #470388/2014-5)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Keywords
- silver nanoparticles, sodium alginate, gelatin, hydrogel dressing, skin wound healing, antimicrobial activity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, minimum inhibitory concentration, cytotoxicity, fibroblasts, granulation tissue
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-15, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-15 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/nano10020390
- The paper
- Diniz, F., Maia, R., de Andrade, L. R., Andrade, L., Vinicius Chaud, M., da Silva, C., Corrêa, C., de Albuquerque Junior, R., Pereira da Costa, L., Shin, S., Hassan, S., Sanchez-Lopez, E., Souto, E., & Severino, P. (2020). Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020390
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
