Highly Reflective Silver-Enhanced Coating with High Adhesion and Sulfurization Resistance for Telescopes
Open accessAbstract
Highly reflective metal coatings are essential for manufacturing reflecting telescope mirrors to achieve the highest reflectivity with broad spectral bandwidth. Among metallic materials, enhanced silver-based coatings can provide higher reflectivity in the 400–500 nm spectral range to better performance from visible to near IR. Moreover, over-coating a dielectric protective layer on the mirror’s front side attains additional hardness and oxidation stability. In this paper, we study a combination of thermal and electron beam evaporation as a technology to form protected enhanced high reflective Ag coatings. A newly designed multiplayer film can pass ASTM 5B adhesive performance testing and give sulfurization inhibition. The average specular reflectivity for the enhancement coating is about 98% in wavelengths across the spectral range from 400–1000 nm. This innovation has been demonstrated on a Newtonian type telescope, with storage in an ambiance humidity H = 60–85%, and temperature T = 10–35 °C, for more than six months without degradation in coating performance.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Metallic coatings have intrinsic absorption that restricts maximum reflectivity to 90-98%, a low laser-induced damage threshold due to heating, degradation in air and moisture, and an inability to tailor spectral and wavelength selectivity.
“Although metallic coatings have some disadvantages, including an intrinsic absorption that restricts maximum reflectivity (90-98%), a low threshold for laser-induced damage due to heating, degradation in air and moisture (e.g., metals such as aluminium and silver undergo degradation through oxidation or tarnishing), and the inability to tailor their performance in terms of spectral and wavelength”
From Metal Oxide Thin Films for Advanced Photonic Applications (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says airborne substances degrade silver films, and the Abstract reports about 98% average reflectivity for an enhanced silver coating. The paper does not establish intrinsic absorption as a 90–98% reflectivity limit or discuss laser-induced damage thresholds. Its Introduction instead describes tailoring spectral performance with multilayer coatings, including enhancing silver reflectivity in the blue spectrum. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Optical Properties of Ag and Cu
Ehrenreich, H., & Philipp, H. R. (1962) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.128.1622 · Cited by 1,266 · see citing works
Relation Between Surface Roughness and Specular Reflectance at Normal Incidence
Bennett, H. E., & Porteus, J. O. (1961) · Journal of the Optical Society of America · doi:10.1364/josa.51.000123 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables
Kader, A. A., Zagory, D., Kerbel, E. L., & Wang, C. Y. (1989) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398909527490 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Corrosion Mechanisms for Silver Exposed to the Atmosphere
Graedel, T. E. (1992) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.2221162 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Wang, H., & Qi, L. (2008) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.200700953 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Ag2S silver sulfide nanoparticles and colloidal solutions: Synthesis and properties
Sadovnikov, S. I., Kuznetsova, Y. V., & Rempel, A. A. (2016) · Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects · doi:10.1016/j.nanoso.2016.06.004 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Optoelectronic properties of highly porous silver oxide thin film
Al-Sarraj, A., Saoud, K. M., Mel, A. E., Mansour, S. A., & Haik, Y. (2021) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-020-04091-1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Hass, G. (1982) · Journal of the Optical Society of America · doi:10.1364/josa.72.000027 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mirrors for Space Telescopes: Degradation Issues
Garoli, D., Marcos, L. R.-D., Larruquert, J. I., Corso, A. J., Zaccaria, R. P., & Pelizzo, M. G. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10217538 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Atanassov, G., Turlo, J. E., Fu, J. K., & Dai, Y. S. (1999) · Thin Solid Films · doi:10.1016/s0040-6090(98)01407-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Technology gap assessment for a future large-aperture ultraviolet-optical-infrared space telescope
Bolcar, M. R., Balasubramanian, K., Crooke, J. A., Feinberg, L. D., Quijada, M. A., Rauscher, B. J., Redding, D. C., Rioux, N., Shaklan, S., Stahl, H. P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems · doi:10.1117/1.jatis.2.4.041209 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Single- and dual-ion-beam sputter deposition of titanium oxide films
Hsu, J., & Lee, C.-C. (1998) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.37.001171 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationThe characteristics of some metallic oxides prepared in high vacuum by ion beam sputtering
Lee, C.-C., Hsu, J., & Wong, D.-H. (2001) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/s0169-4332(00)00556-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationProgress toward high-performance reflective and anti-reflection coatings for astronomical optics
Phillips, A. C., Miller, J. S., Brown, W. E., Hilyard, D. F., Dupraw, B., Wallace, V., & Cowley, D. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.789862 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of thin TiO_2 films cosputtered with Al
Hsu, J., Wang, P. W., & Lee, C.-C. (2006) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.45.004303 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationBurge, D. K., Bennett, H. E., & Ashley, E. J. (1973) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.12.000042 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Low loss niobium oxides film deposited by ion beam sputter deposition
Lee, C.-C., Hsu, J., & Wong, D.-H. (2000) · Optical and Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1023/a:1007050204074 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationThe study on the interface adhesion comparison of the MgF2, Al2O3, SiO2 and Ag thin films
Xu, X., Tang, Z., Shao, J., & Fan, Z. (2004) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.10.018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Progress in UCO's search for silver-based telescope mirror coatings
Phillips, A. C., Miller, J. S., Bolte, M., Dupraw, B., Radovan, M., & Cowley, D. (2012) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.925502 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Progress toward high-performance astronomical coatings
Phillips, A. C., Brown, W. E., Dupraw, B., Hilyard, D. F., & Cowley, D. J. (2010) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.856499 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Insight into aspheric misfit with hard tools: mapping the island of low mid-spatial frequencies
Walker, D., Hsing-Yu, W., Yu, G., Li, H., Zhang, W., & Lu, C. (2017) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.56.009925 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hsu, J. (2014) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.53.001474 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigation of thin TiO2 films cosputtered with Si species
Hsu, J., Lee, C.-C., Chen, H. L., Kuo, C., & Wang, P. W. (2008) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.12.016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationFeller, A. J., Nagaraju, K., Pleier, O., Hirzberger, J., Jobst, P. J., & Schürmann, M. (2012) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.927080 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Electrochemical Syntheses of Binary Silver Oxides
Fischer, P., Jansen, M., & Zahurak, S. M. (1995) · Inorganic syntheses · doi:10.1002/9780470132616.ch11 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hsu, J., Lee, C., Kuo, C.-C., Chen, S., Wu, J.-Y., Chen, H., & Wei, C.-Y. (2005) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.44.004402 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, H.-Y., Walker, D., & Yu, G. (2019) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.27.021856 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, D., Lee, J., Chen, C. C., & Lin, A. (2016) · International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/impact.2016.7800066 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The first aluminum coating of the 3700mm primary mirror of the Devasthal Optical Telescope
Reddy, B. K., Gopinathan, M., Pant, J., Omar, A., Kumar, B., Uddin, W., & Kumar, N. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2234727 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schotsaert, J., Adans, S., Bellet, P., Wiame, H., Belov, I., Gottlieb, C., Weis, H., Novis, Y., Sansgasset, P., & Heinz, V. (2020) · Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation IV · doi:10.1117/12.2560685 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
LED Light Improved by an Optical Filter to Visible Solar-Like Light with High Color Rendering
Shen, L.-S., Wu, H.-Y., Hsiao, L., et al. (2021) · Coatings · doi:10.3390/coatings11070763 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationRobotic processes to accelerate large optic fabrication
Wu, H. (2016) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe optical system development and alignment for the Korsch type telescope
Kim, S., & Kim, S.-W. (2020) · doi:10.1117/12.2567059 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [6]Smith W.J. Modern Optical Engineering 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Press New York, NY, USA 2008
- [35]Kingery W.D. Bowen H.K. Uhlmann D.R. Introduction to Ceramics John Wiley & Sons Hoboken, NJ, USA 1976 Volume 17 978-0-471-47860-7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A solution-processed radiative cooling glass
Zhao, X., Li, T., Xie, H., Liu, H., Wang, L., Qu, Y., Li, S. C., Liu, S., Brozena, A. H., Yu, Z., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adi2224 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Li, R., Fan, H., Chen, Y., Yin, S., Liu, G. L., Li, Y., & Huang, L. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202410376 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wu, H.-Y., Chen, H., Huang, S., Shih, C.-H., Yu, G.-Y., Sun, Y.-S., & Hsu, J. (2024) · Optical Materials · doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2024.115060 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationGong, Q., Lu, L., & Chen, J. (2024) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2024.121658 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wu, H.-Y., Chen, H.-W., Huang, S.-R., Hsiao, L.-J., Cheng, C.-L., Yu, G.-Y., Sun, Y.-S., & Hsu, J.-C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35507 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCoral‐Inspired Multi‐Scale Porous Particle‐Nested Structure for Efficient Colored Radiative Cooling
Zhang, Z., Song, Z., Lu, W., Wang, M., Cao, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, W., & Wang, J. (2025) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202501374 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, H., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Wang, T., Shen, Z. Q., Pan, J., Yang, H., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Coatings · doi:10.3390/coatings16020191 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Development of broadband high efficiency Mid-IR gratings for high-energy ultrafast lasers
Chen, T. B., Liu, B., McCoy, J., Lavallee, G., Labella, M., Mahony, W., Miller, S., Eichfeld, C. M., Jiang, N., & Hsu, P. S. (2024) · Optical Materials Express · doi:10.1364/ome.521507 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wu, H.-Y., Shen, L.-S., Huang, S., Lin, W., Hsiao, L., Cheng, C.-L., Yu, G.-Y., Sun, Y.-S., & Hsu, J. (2024) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.530314 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationChakradhar, R. P. S., gada, S., Srivastava, M., & Barshilia, H. C. (2026) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114176 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Structural integrity of high reflecting Ag/SiO2 concentrated solar reflector
Pradhan, M., Mohapatra, S. K., Annapurna, K., & Maharana, H. S. (2026) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2026.114715 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Metal Oxide Thin Films for Advanced Photonic Applications
Stîngescu, M.-L., Șopronyi, M.-A., Antohe, Ș., & Scărișoreanu, N.-D. (2026) · Crystals · doi:10.3390/cryst16030164 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Furthermore, outside this context of optical microcavities, inorganic materials have been the main players in the optical coating industry [13,33,131].”
Iitani, K., Horiguchi, Y., Zhang, G., Ichikawa, K., Toma, K., Arakawa, T., Iwasaki, Y., & Mitsubayashi, K. (2026) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.5c04096 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xue, J., Chen, S., Ma, X., Shi, T., Wu, H., Liu, Z., Hua, R., & Huang, Y. (2025) · Water · doi:10.3390/w17071032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationStudy on environmental durability of nanolaminate silver-based films under edge protection
Su, Z. G., He, W., Wei, M., & Wang, C. (2023) · International Conference on Optoelectronic Materials and Devices (ICOMD) · doi:10.1117/12.2674150
Editorial for the Special Issue “Applications of Optical Thin Films”
Hsu, J. (2023) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano13081387
Self-citationDynamically tunable high-Q chiral metasurfaces with giant circular dichroism
Wang, M., He, J. W., Zhang, J., & Du, P. (2026) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.596614
Cifci, O. S. (2026) · International Journal of Thermal Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.111006
Dai, J., Li, Q., Lu, W., Jiang, X., & Chang, S. (2026) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2026.115667
Alam, M. A., Shah, M. A. H., Parvin, F., & Naqib, S. H. (2026) · Advanced Physics Research · doi:10.1002/apxr.70192
- Authors
- Wu, H.-Y., Huang, S.-R., Shih, C.-H., Hsiao, L.-J., Chen, H.-W., Cheng, M.-C., & Hsu, J.-C.
- Affiliations
- National Taipei University of Technology (TW)
- Center for Astronomical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taipei 320317, Taiwan
- Fu Jen Catholic University (TW)
- National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology (TW)
- Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
- Donell Optronics Co., Ltd., 6F.-7, No. 13, Shangshi N. 2nd Ln., Sec. 2, Xitun Rd., Xitun Dist., Taichung City 40749, Taiwan
- Corresponding author
- Hsu, Jin-Cherng
- Venue
- Nanomaterials
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-23
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1054
- ISSN
- 2079-4991 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9000596
- OpenAlex
- W4220707315
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nanomaterials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Space Organization
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › Optical Coatings and Gratings
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanics of Materials › Metal and Thin Film Mechanics
- Keywords
- coating adhesion, electron beam evaporation, thermal evaporation, specular reflectance, Newtonian telescope, coating degradation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
