Biochar in the Remediation of Organic Pollutants in Water: A Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Pesticide Removal
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This review explores biochar’s potential as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for remediating organic pollutants, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides, in water. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced from biomass pyrolysis, has demonstrated adsorption efficiencies exceeding 90% under optimal conditions, depending on the feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, and functionalization. High surface area (up to 1500 m2/g), porosity, and modifiable surface functional groups make biochar effective in adsorbing a wide range of contaminants, including toxic metals, organic pollutants, and nutrients. Recent advancements in biochar production, such as chemical activation and post-treatment modifications, have enhanced adsorption capacities, with engineered biochar achieving superior performance in treating industrial, municipal, and agricultural effluents. However, scaling up biochar applications from laboratory research to field-scale wastewater treatment poses significant challenges. These include inconsistencies in adsorption performance under variable environmental conditions, the high cost of large-scale biochar production, logistical challenges in handling and deploying biochar at scale, and the need for integration with existing treatment systems. Such challenges impact the practical implementation of biochar-based remediation technologies, requiring further investigation into cost-effective production methods, long-term performance assessments, and field-level optimization strategies. This review underscores the importance of addressing these barriers and highlights biochar’s potential to offer a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and economically viable solution for large-scale wastewater treatment.
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Biochar has a high porosity with a specific surface area of up to 1500 m2/g.
“Its high porosity (with a specific surface area of up to 1500 m 2 /g), modular carbon structure, and ability to trap organic contaminants via π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds make it an excellent choice for water decontamination [19][20][21].”
From Innovative Valorization of Wood Panel Waste into Activated Biochar for Efficient Phenol Adsorption (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Beljin, J., Đukanović, N., Anojčić, J., Simetić, T., Apostolović, T., Mutić, S., & Maletić, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Novi Sad (RS)
- Corresponding author
- Beljin, Jelena
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nanomaterials
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-12-27
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26
- ISSN
- 2079-4991 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11722649
- OpenAlex
- W4405833595
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 19
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nanomaterials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia (#10810)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- biochar, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticide removal, adsorption, water remediation, biomass pyrolysis, chemical activation, surface functionalization, engineered biochar, wastewater treatment, agricultural effluents, industrial wastewater, municipal wastewater
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