The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Increases LDL Cholesterol in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial
Open accessAbstract
Ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diets are popular among young, healthy, normal-weight individuals for various reasons. We aimed to investigate the effect of a ketogenic LCHF diet on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (primary outcome), LDL cholesterol subfractions and conventional cardiovascular risk factors in the blood of healthy, young, and normal-weight women. The study was a randomized, controlled, feeding trial with crossover design. Twenty-four women were assigned to a 4 week ketogenic LCHF diet (4% carbohydrates; 77% fat; 19% protein) followed by a 4 week National Food Agency recommended control diet (44% carbohydrates; 33% fat; 19% protein), or the reverse sequence due to the crossover design. Treatment periods were separated by a 15 week washout period. Seventeen women completed the study and treatment effects were evaluated using mixed models. The LCHF diet increased LDL cholesterol in every woman with a treatment effect of 1.82 mM (p < 0.001). In addition, Apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB), small, dense LDL cholesterol as well as large, buoyant LDL cholesterol increased (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively). The data suggest that feeding healthy, young, normal-weight women a ketogenic LCHF diet induces a deleterious blood lipid profile. The elevated LDL cholesterol should be a cause for concern in young, healthy, normal-weight women following this kind of LCHF diet.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100
nlme : Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models
DebRoy, S. (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,009
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)
Authors/Task Force Members:, Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., et al. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092 · Cited by 8,490
Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a · Cited by 7,081
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61350-5 · Cited by 6,550
2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Piepoli, M. F., Hoes, A. W., Agewall, S., Albus, C., Brotons, C., Catapano, A. L., Cooney, M.-T., Corrà, U., Cosyns, B., Deaton, C., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106 · Cited by 6,457
Ference, B. A., Ginsberg, H. N., Graham, I., Ray, K. K., Packard, C. J., Bruckert, E., Hegele, R. A., Krauss, R. M., Raal, F. J., Schunkert, H., et al. (2017) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144 · Cited by 3,962
Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002 · Cited by 3,845
Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Miller, M., Stone, N. J., Ballantyne, C., Bittner, V., Criqui, M. H., Ginsberg, H. N., Goldberg, A. C., Howard, W. J., Jacobson, M. S., Kris-Etherton, P. M., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182160726 · Cited by 1,871
Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association
Sacks, F. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Wu, J. H. Y., Appel, L. J., Creager, M. A., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Miller, M., Rimm, E. B., Rudel, L. L., Robinson, J. G., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000510 · Cited by 1,386
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–104 of 104
THE DIETARY ANIMAL-TO-PLANT SPECTRUM AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Lamparski, Ł., Modrzejewska, W., Szmit, G., Wcisło, Z., Basak, W., Chmielewska, M., Piekarska, P., Purwin, A., Siwiec, K., Lach, K., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5269
Szołtysek, J., Szymańska, B., & Piwowar, A. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18172917
Suruji, A., Alkhaldy, A. A., Alghafari, W. T., & Qahwaji, D. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1940147
Beyond LDL-C: A case-based review of complex Dyslipidemia
Fanaropoulou, N. M., & Varghese, R. T. (2026) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2026.10.008
Metadata
- Authors
- Burén, J., Ericsson, M., Damasceno, N., & Sjödin, A.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Burén, Jonas
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-02
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 814
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8001988
- OpenAlex
- W3135070816
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Dr P Håkanssons Stiftelse (X)
- Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse (2014-00411)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- ketogenic diet, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B-100, small dense LDL, lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors, young women, normal-weight women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, LDL, Risk Factors, Sweden, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Young Adult, Diet, High-Fat
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
