The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Increases LDL Cholesterol in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial
Open accessAbstract
Ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diets are popular among young, healthy, normal-weight individuals for various reasons. We aimed to investigate the effect of a ketogenic LCHF diet on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (primary outcome), LDL cholesterol subfractions and conventional cardiovascular risk factors in the blood of healthy, young, and normal-weight women. The study was a randomized, controlled, feeding trial with crossover design. Twenty-four women were assigned to a 4 week ketogenic LCHF diet (4% carbohydrates; 77% fat; 19% protein) followed by a 4 week National Food Agency recommended control diet (44% carbohydrates; 33% fat; 19% protein), or the reverse sequence due to the crossover design. Treatment periods were separated by a 15 week washout period. Seventeen women completed the study and treatment effects were evaluated using mixed models. The LCHF diet increased LDL cholesterol in every woman with a treatment effect of 1.82 mM (p < 0.001). In addition, Apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB), small, dense LDL cholesterol as well as large, buoyant LDL cholesterol increased (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively). The data suggest that feeding healthy, young, normal-weight women a ketogenic LCHF diet induces a deleterious blood lipid profile. The elevated LDL cholesterol should be a cause for concern in young, healthy, normal-weight women following this kind of LCHF diet.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100
nlme : Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models
DebRoy, S. (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,009
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)
Authors/Task Force Members:, Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., et al. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092 · Cited by 8,490
Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a · Cited by 7,081
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61350-5 · Cited by 6,550
2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Piepoli, M. F., Hoes, A. W., Agewall, S., Albus, C., Brotons, C., Catapano, A. L., Cooney, M.-T., Corrà, U., Cosyns, B., Deaton, C., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106 · Cited by 6,457
Ference, B. A., Ginsberg, H. N., Graham, I., Ray, K. K., Packard, C. J., Bruckert, E., Hegele, R. A., Krauss, R. M., Raal, F. J., Schunkert, H., et al. (2017) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144 · Cited by 3,962
Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002 · Cited by 3,845
Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Miller, M., Stone, N. J., Ballantyne, C., Bittner, V., Criqui, M. H., Ginsberg, H. N., Goldberg, A. C., Howard, W. J., Jacobson, M. S., Kris-Etherton, P. M., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182160726 · Cited by 1,871
Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association
Sacks, F. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Wu, J. H. Y., Appel, L. J., Creager, M. A., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Miller, M., Rimm, E. B., Rudel, L. L., Robinson, J. G., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000510 · Cited by 1,386
Siri-Tarino, P. W., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., & Krauss, R. M. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27725 · Cited by 1,253
Mozaffarian, D., Micha, R., & Wallace, S. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252 · Cited by 1,215
Anderson, T. J., Grégoire, J., Pearson, G. J., Barry, A. R., Couture, P., Dawes, M., Francis, G. A., Genest, J., Grover, S., Gupta, M., et al. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.07.510 · Cited by 1,173
Chowdhury, R., Warnakula, S., Kunutsor, S., Crowe, F., Ward, H. A., Johnson, L., Franco, O. H., Butterworth, A. S., Forouhi, N. G., Thompson, S. G., et al. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m13-1788 · Cited by 1,139
Nordestgaard, B. G. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.115.306249 · Cited by 1,116
Stampfer, M. J. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540110036029 · Cited by 1,081
Lamarche, B., Tchernof, A., Moorjani, S., Cantin, B., Dagenais, G. R., Lupien, P. J., & Despre´s, J.-P. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.69 · Cited by 1,077
Gardner, C. D. (1996) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540110029028 · Cited by 843 · cited 2×
“Small, dense LDL particles are considered more atherogenic than large particles, as some previous epidemiological studies demonstrated that indi ‐ viduals with predominantly small LDL particles had greater CVD risk than those with predominantly large LDL particles [9–11].”
Bueno, N. B., de Melo, I. S. V., de Oliveira, S. L., & da Rocha Ataide, T. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000548 · Cited by 778 · cited 1×
“Alongside its well ‐ documented weight ‐ reducing effects [5,6], recent studies have also shown a beneficial impact of ketogenic LCHF diets on cardiovascular risk factors [5].”
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease
Hooper, L., Martin, N., Abdelhamid, A., & Davey Smith, G. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011737 · Cited by 704
Role of gut microbiota in atherosclerosis
Jonsson, A. L., & Bäckhed, F. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.183 · Cited by 662
Sniderman, A. D., Williams, K., Contois, J. H., Monroe, H. M., McQueen, M. J., de Graaf, J., & Furberg, C. D. (2011) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.110.959247 · Cited by 659
The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials
Scott, N. W., McPherson, G. C., Ramsay, C. R., & Campbell, M. K. (2002) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00242-8 · Cited by 651 · cited 1×
“Minimization was used for the allocation sequence in order to minimize imbalance of the factor weekly training sessions [28,29].”
MethodDesign Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology
(1997) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627391.001.0001 · Cited by 641
Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012 : Integrating nutrition and physical activity
Nordic Council of Ministers (2014) · Nordic Council of Ministers eBooks · doi:10.26530/oapen_483279 · Cited by 492
Mansoor, N., Vinknes, K. J., Veierød, M. B., & Retterstøl, K. (2016) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515004699 · Cited by 439 · cited 1×
“Alongside its well ‐ documented weight ‐ reducing effects [5,6], recent studies have also shown a beneficial impact of ketogenic LCHF diets on cardiovascular risk factors [5].”
Mora, S., Szklo, M., Otvos, J. D., Greenland, P., Psaty, B. M., Goff, D. C., O’Leary, D. H., Saad, M. F., Tsai, M. Y., & Sharrett, A. R. (2007) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.007 · Cited by 380
Minimisation: the platinum standard for trials?
Treasure, T., & MacRae, K. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7155.362 · Cited by 360
Contois, J. H., McConnell, J. P., Sethi, A. A., Csako, G., Devaraj, S., Hoefner, D. M., & Warnick, G. R. (2009) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.118356 · Cited by 326
A ketogenic diet favorably affects serum biomarkers for cardiovascular disease in normal-weight men
Sharman, M. J., Kraemer, W. J., Love, D. M., Avery, N. G., Gómez, A. L., Scheett, T. P., & Volek, J. S. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.7.1879 · Cited by 312
Langlois, M. R., Chapman, M. J., Cobbaert, C., Mora, S., Remaley, A. T., Ros, E., Watts, G. F., Borén, J., Baum, H., Bruckert, E., et al. (2018) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2018.287037 · Cited by 260
Dietary fat: From foe to friend?
Ludwig, D. S., Willett, W. C., Volek, J. S., & Neuhouser, M. L. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau2096 · Cited by 259
Low‐carbohydrate diets: nutritional and physiological aspects
Adam‐Perrot, A., Clifton, P. M., & Brouns, F. J. P. H. (2006) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2006.00222.x · Cited by 253
Cooney, M. T., Dudina, A., De Bacquer, D., Wilhelmsen, L., Sans, S., Menotti, A., De Backer, G., Jousilahti, P., Keil, U., Thomsen, T., et al. (2009) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.041 · Cited by 250 · cited 1×
“Epidemiological data show that low HDL cholesterol is strongly associated with high risk of CVD [46], and measurement of HDL cholesterol seems useful for hyperlipidemia diagnosis and risk estimation [47–49].”
Overweight and diabetes prevention: Is a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet recommendable?
Brouns, F. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1636-y · Cited by 235
Kamiński, M., Skonieczna‐Żydecka, K., Nowak, J. K., & Stachowska, E. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110759 · Cited by 217
Re-Examining High-Fat Diets for Sports Performance: Did We Call the ‘Nail in the Coffin’ Too Soon?
Burke, L. M. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0393-9 · Cited by 201
The Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Exercise Metabolism and Physical Performance in Off-Road Cyclists
Zajac, A., Poprzecki, S., Maszczyk, A., Czuba, M., Michalczyk, M., & Zydek, G. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6072493 · Cited by 184
Ketogenic diet as a metabolic therapy for mood disorders: Evidence and developments
Brietzke, E. M., Mansur, R. B., Subramaniapillai, M., Balanzá‐Martínez, V., Vinberg, M., González-Pinto, A. M., Rosenblat, J. D., Ho, R., & McIntyre, R. S. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.020 · Cited by 179
Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: A narrative review
Noakes, T. D., & Windt, J. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096491 · Cited by 178
Phinney, S. D., Bistrian, B. R., Wolfe, R. R., & Blackburn, G. L. (1983) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(83)90105-1 · Cited by 176
The use of baseline covariates in crossover studies
Kenward, M. G., & Roger, J. (2009) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxp046 · Cited by 138
Urbain, P., Strom, L., Morawski, L., Wehrle, A., Deibert, P., & Bertz, H. (2017) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0175-5 · Cited by 109
Retterstøl, K., Svendsen, M., Narverud, I., & Holven, K. B. (2018) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.013 · Cited by 104
Experimental Models for the Investigation of High-Density Lipoprotein–Mediated Cholesterol Efflux
Santos‐Gallego, C. G., Giannarelli, C., & Badimón, J. J. (2011) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-011-0177-0 · Cited by 49
Winkvist, A., Klingberg, S., Nilsson, L. M., Wennberg, M., Renström, F., Hallmans, G., Boman, K., & Johansson, I. (2017) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0241-x · Cited by 45
Jarauta, E., Mateo‐Gállego, R., Gilabert, R., Plana, N., Junyent, M., de Groot, E., Cenarro, A., Masana, L., Ros, E., & Civeira, F. (2011) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.10.011 · Cited by 40
Klement, R. J., Frobel, T., Albers, T., Fikenzer, S., Prinzhausen, J., & Kämmerer, U. (2013) · Online Publication Service of Würzburg University (Würzburg University) · Cited by 37
Sjödin, A., Hellström, F., Sehlstedt, E., Svensson, M., & Burén, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12040955 · Cited by 34
Self-citationValsdottir, T. D., Henriksen, C., Odden, N., Nellemann, B., Jeppesen, P. B., Hisdal, J., Westerberg, A. C., & Jensen, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01499 · Cited by 26
Langlois, M. R., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2018) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-018-1036-1 · Cited by 19
From carbohydrates to fat: Trends in food intake among Swedish nutrition students from 2002 to 2017
Bergström, M., Håkansson, A., Blücher, A., & Andersson, H. S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228200 · Cited by 7
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Xiao, Y.-L., Gong, Y., Qi, Y.-J., Shao, Z., & Jiang, Y.-Z. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01771-x · Cited by 218
A Heart-Healthy Diet for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Where Are We Now?
Diab, A., Dastmalchi, L. N., Gulati, M., & Michos, E. D. (2023) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s379874 · Cited by 221
The Ketogenic Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases
Dyńka, D., Kowalcze, K., Charuta, A., & Paziewska, A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153368 · Cited by 127
Chen, W., Zhang, S., Hu, X., Chen, F., & Li, D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234898 · Cited by 80
Plant-Based and Ketogenic Diets As Diverging Paths to Address Cancer
Shah, U. A., & Iyengar, N. M. (2022) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.1769 · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Burén, J., Ericsson, M., Damasceno, N., & Sjödin, A.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Burén, Jonas
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-02
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 814
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8001988
- OpenAlex
- W3135070816
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Dr P Håkanssons Stiftelse (X)
- Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse (2014-00411)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- ketogenic diet, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B-100, small dense LDL, lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors, young women, normal-weight women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, LDL, Risk Factors, Sweden, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Young Adult, Diet, High-Fat
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
