2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
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The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication.
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Healthy lifestyle choices can prevent or delay the onset of high BP and can reduce cardiovascular risk.
“Healthy lifestyle choices can prevent or delay the onset of high BP and can reduce cardiovascular risk. 46”
From 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
The hypertension recommendations (pp. 44–46) advise lifestyle measures for people with high-normal BP and say these measures may suffice for some patients with high-normal or grade 1 hypertension. The cost-effective prevention section (p. 6) says healthy lifestyles help prevent cardiovascular disease. Our copy does not specifically say that lifestyle choices prevent or delay the onset of high BP. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredClassic calculators for estimating cardiovascular risk that only consider conventional risk factors, such as the Framingham risk score, could underestimate the risk in effectively treated patients.
“in fact, the classic calculators for estimating cardiovascular risk that only consider conventional risk factors, such as the Framingham risk score, could underestimate the risk in this particular population [8].”
From Residual Cardiovascular Risk: Role of Remnants Cholesterol, Monocyte/HDL Ratio and Lipoprotein Ratios on Personalized Cardiovascular Prevention (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
Section 2.3.6 (p. 16) says conventional risk charts omit potentially relevant risk factors and that risk modifiers may raise estimated risk. Section 2.3.1 (p. 11) lists Framingham among risk assessment systems. The passages do not establish that these calculators underestimate risk specifically in effectively treated patients. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTraditional risk factors alone cannot fully explain the high impact of coronary events in effectively treated patients.
“Traditional risk factors alone cannot fully explain the high impact of coronary events in effectively treated patients; in fact, the classic calculators for estimating cardiovascular risk that only consider conventional risk factors, such as the Framingham risk score, could underestimate the risk in this particular population [8].”
From Residual Cardiovascular Risk: Role of Remnants Cholesterol, Monocyte/HDL Ratio and Lipoprotein Ratios on Personalized Cardiovascular Prevention (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
Section 2.3.6 (p. 16) says conventional risk factors in risk charts may need additional modifiers, and section 2.1 (p. 7) reports residual cardiovascular risk during treatment. Neither passage establishes that traditional factors fail to explain coronary events specifically in effectively treated patients, or that Framingham underestimates risk in that population. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntolerance to statins is linked with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.
“Intolerance to statins is linked with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease [3].”
From Safety outcomes of statin vs non-statin lipid-lowering interventions in patients with prior statin-associated muscle symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Section 3a.7.12 (pp. 39–40) says statins reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and discusses alternative treatment for patients intolerant to statins. It does not state that statin intolerance itself is linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease; the claim infers that association from the benefits of statin treatment. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe higher discontinuation rate observed with statins may reflect challenges in patient adherence and could have implications for long-term cardiovascular risk prevention.
“The higher discontinuation rate observed with statins may reflect challenges in patient adherence and could have implications for long-term cardiovascular risk prevention [3].”
From Safety outcomes of statin vs non-statin lipid-lowering interventions in patients with prior statin-associated muscle symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Section 3a.7.12 (p. 39) says statins reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, supporting the concern that continued treatment matters for prevention. The passages found do not report a higher statin discontinuation rate or link such a rate specifically to patient-adherence challenges; the adherence-related material found is a reference list (p. 76). (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 2012 and 2016 European Guidelines on CVD prevention recommend SCORE because it rests on large representative European cohort data and is relatively easy to recalibrate for individual countries.
“The European Guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice (both the 2012 [9] and 2016 [10] versions) recommend the use of the SCORE system because it is based on large, representative European cohort data sets and because it is relatively straightforward to recalibrate for individual countries.”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In conditions whose pathophysiology is better understood, such as cardiovascular disease and stroke, comprehensive targeted prevention strategies can be developed and disseminated.
“In conditions whose pathophysiology is better understood, such as cardiovascular disease and stroke, comprehensive targeted prevention strategies can be developed and disseminated.”
From Precision clinical trials: a framework for getting to precision medicine for neurobehavioural disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Based upon epidemiological and nutrition studies, most dietary recommendations advise limiting red meat ingestion.
“Based upon the many epidemiological and nutrition studies suggesting a positive association between red meat ingestion and CVD risks, [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] most dietary recommendations advise limiting red meat ingestion.26”
From Impact of chronic dietary red meat, white meat, or non-meat protein on trimethylamine N-oxide metabolism and renal excretion in healthy men and women (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
Findings from this review are consistent with European and American evidence based guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease that highlighted pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and preterm birth as adverse pregnancy outcomes that potentially increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
“Findings from our review are consistent with European and American evidence based guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease that highlighted pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and preterm birth as adverse pregnancy outcomes that potentially increase the risk of cardiovascular disease”
From Association between the reproductive health of young women and cardiovascular disease in later life: umbrella review (2020) · cites this paper as [131]
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Self-citationIncidence and Prognosis of Resistant Hypertension in Hypertensive Patients
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McDonagh, T. A., Metra, M., Adamo, M., Gardner, R. S., Baumbach, A., Böhm, M., Burri, H., Butler, J., Čelutkienė, J., Chioncel, O. D., et al. (2021) · PubMed · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab670 · Cited by 19,618 · see citing works
Self-citation2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure
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Self-citation2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
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Self-citationHeart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
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Self-citation2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes
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Self-citation2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
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Self-citationHeart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
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2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines
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Self-citation2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
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Self-citation2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure
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Self-citation2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus
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2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease
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Self-citation2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
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The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019)
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2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
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Self-citationThe Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030
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Self-citationEuropean LeukemiaNet 2020 recommendations for treating chronic myeloid leukemia
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2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines
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2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization
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Self-citationEffects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease
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Self-citationEffect of Aspirin on Cardiovascular Events and Bleeding in the Healthy Elderly
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European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021
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Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão Arterial – 2020
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Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: landscape and limitations
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European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2019
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2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization
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- Authors
- Piepoli, M. F., Hoes, A. W., Agewall, S., Albus, C., Brotons, C., Catapano, A. L., Cooney, M.-T., Corrà, U., Cosyns, B., Deaton, C., Graham, I., Hall, M. S., Hobbs, F. D. R., Løchen, M.-L., Löllgen, H., Marques-Vidal, P., Perk, J., Prescott, E., Redon, J., Richter, D. J., Sattar, N., Smulders, Y., Tiberi, M., van der Worp, H. B., van Dis, I., Verschuren, W. M. M., Binno, S., ESC Scientific Document Group, De Backer, G., Roffi, M., Aboyans, V., Bachl, N., Bueno, H., Carerj, S., Cho, L., Cox, J., De Sutter, J., Egidi, G., Fisher, M., Fitzsimons, D., Franco, O. H., Guenoun, M., Jennings, C., Jug, B., Kirchhof, P., Kotseva, K., Lip, G. Y., Mach, F., Mancia, G., Bermudo, F. M., Mezzani, A., Niessner, A., Ponikowski, P., Rauch, B., Rydén, L., Stauder, A., Turc, G., Wiklund, O., Windecker, S., Zamorano, J. L., Zamorano, J. L., Aboyans, V., Achenbach, S., Agewall, S., Badimon, L., Barón-Esquivias, G., Baumgartner, H., Bax, J. J., Bueno, H., Carerj, S., Dean, V., Erol, Ç., Fitzsimons, D., Gaemperli, O., Kirchhof, P., Kolh, P., Lancellotti, P., Lip, G. Y., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Piepoli, M. F., Ponikowski, P., Roffi, M., Torbicki, A., Vaz Carneiro, A., Windecker, S., Metzler, B., Najafov, R., Stelmashok, V., De Maeyer, C., Dilic, M., Gruev, I., Milicic, D., Vaverkova, H., Gustafsson, I., Attia, I., Duishvili, D., Kostova, N., Ferrières, J., Klimiashvili, Z., Hambrecht, R., Tsioufis, K., Szabados, E., Andersen, K., Vaughan, C., Zafrir, B., Novo, S., Davletov, K., Jashari, F., Kerimkulova, A., Mintale, I., Saade, G., Petrulioniene, Z., Delagardelle, C., Magri, C. J., Rudi, V., Oukerraj, L., Çölkesen, B. E., Schirmer, H., Jankowski, P., dos Reis, R. P., Gherasim, D., Nedogoda, S., Zavatta, M., Giga, V., Filipova, S., Padial, L. R., Kiessling, A., Mach, F., Mahdhaoui, A., Ural, D., Nesukay, E., & Gale, C.
- Affiliations
- International Society of Behavioural Medicine (ISBM)
- World Organisation of Family Doctors (CN)
- European Atherosclerosis Society (SE)
- European Society of Cardiology (FR)
- International Diabetes Federation (BE)
- WONCA Europe.
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (CH)
- Societie: European Society of Hypertension (ESH)
- European Association for the Study of Diabetes (DE)
- Societie: European Stroke Organisation (ESO)
- Societie: European Heart Network (EHN)
- Societie: European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
- European Heart Network (BE)
- European Society of Hypertension (IT)
- European Stroke Organisation (CH)
- ORCID
- Hoes, Arno W
- Albus, Christian
- Brotons, Carlos
- Catapano, Alberico L
- Cooney, Marie-Therese
- Corrà, Ugo
- Cosyns, Bernard
- Deaton, Christi
- Graham, Ian
- Løchen, Maja-Lisa
- Löllgen, Herbert
- Marques-Vidal, Pedro
- Prescott, Eva
- Richter, Dimitrios J
- Sattar, Naveed
- Smulders, Yvo
- Tiberi, Monica
- Verschuren, W M Monique
- Franco, Oscar H
- Jug, Borut
- Turc, Guillaume
- Wiklund, Olov
- Bax, Jeroen J
- Erol, Çetin
- Kolh, Philippe
- Torbicki, Adam
- Najafov, Ruslan
- Gruev, Ivan
- Ferrières, Jean
- Zafrir, Barak
- Davletov, Kairat
- Kerimkulova, Alina
- Nedogoda, Sergey
- Giga, Vojislav
- Ural, Dilek
- Gale, Chris
- Venue
- European Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-05-23
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 29
- Pages
- 2315-2381
- ISSN
- 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
- 1522-9645
- PMC
- PMC4986030
- OpenAlex
- W2402599050
- Cited by
- 6,457
- References
- 585
- Citations by year
- 2026: 178 · 2025: 279 · 2024: 398 · 2023: 509 · 2022: 678 · 2021: 996 · 2020: 1017 · 2019: 959 · 2018: 750 · 2017: 570 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 785.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10273, 12/01/52)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- cardiovascular disease prevention, secondary prevention, primary prevention, cardiovascular risk management
- MeSH terms
- Healthy Lifestyle, Multiple Chronic Conditions, Diet, Healthy, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Antihypertensive Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Diabetic Angiopathies, Diagnostic Imaging, Health Promotion, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Hypertension, Middle Aged, Pedigree, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Biomarkers, Exercise, Smoking Cessation, Risk Assessment, General Practice
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