CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 19Celiac Disease Research and ManagementChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

Gluten-Free Diet: Nutritional Strategies to Improve Eating Habits in Children with Celiac Disease: A Prospective, Single-arm Intervention Study

Open access
Suárez-González, Marta, Bousoño-García, Carlos, Jiménez-Treviño, Santiago, Díaz-Martín, Juan José·2021·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu13041108PMC PMC8065720
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: Elimination of gluten-containing cereals and consumption of ultra-processed gluten-free foods might cause an unbalanced diet, deficient in fiber and rich in sugar and fat, circumstances that may predispose celiac children to chronic constipation. Aim: to evaluate if counseling with a registered dietitian (RD) was capable of improving eating and bowel habits in a celiac pediatric population. Methods: Dietetic, lipid profile and stool modifications were analyzed, comparing baseline assessments with those twelve months after receiving heathy eating and nutrition education sessions. At both time points, 3-day food records, a bowel habit record and a lipid panel were conducted. Calculated relative intake of macro- and micro-nutrients were compared with current recommendations by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Student’s paired t-test, McNemar test, Mandasky test and Pearson correlation tests were used. Results: Seventy-two subjects (58.3% girls) with a mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of 10.2 (3.4) years were included. Baseline diets were imbalanced in macronutrient composition. Significant improvements were observed in their compliance with dietary reference values (DRVs), where 50% of the subjects met fat requirements after the education and 67% and 49% with those of carbohydrates and fiber, respectively (p < 0.001). Celiac children decreased red meat and ultra-processed foods consumption (p < 0.001) and increased fruits and vegetables intake (p < 0.001), leading to a reduction in saturated fat (p < 0.001) and sugar intake (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 92% of the patients achieved a normal bowel habit, including absence of hard stools in 80% of children constipated at baseline (p < 0.001). Conclusions: RD-led nutrition education is able to improve eating patterns in children with celiac disease (CD).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu13041108

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 61

  1. [2]Fasano A. Catassi C. Clinical Practice. Celiac Disease N. Engl. J. Med. 2012 367 2419 2426 10.1056/NEJMcp1113994 23252527 · DOI
  2. [3]Silvester J.A. Weiten D. Graff L.A. Walker J.R. Duerksen D.R. Living Gluten-Free: Adherence, Knowledge, Lifestyle Adaptations and Feelings towards a Gluten-Free Diet J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2016 29 374 382 10.1111/jhn.12316 25891988 · DOI
  3. [4]Sue A. Dehlsen K. Ooi C.Y. Paediatric Patients with Coeliac Disease on a Gluten-Free Diet: Nutritional Adequacy and Macro- and Micronutrient Imbalances Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2018 20 2 10.1007/s11894-018-0606-0 29356956 · DOI
  4. [5]Larretxi I. Simon E. Benjumea L. Miranda J. Bustamante M.A. Lasa A. Eizaguirre F.J. Churruca I. Gluten-Free-Rendered Products Contribute to Imbalanced Diets in Children and Adolescents with Celiac Disease Eur. J. Nutr. 2019 58 775 783 10.1007/s00394-018-1685-2 29633011 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [6]Babio N. Alcázar M. Castillejo G. Recasens M. Martínez-Cerezo F. Gutiérrez-Pensado V. Masip G. Vaqué C. Vila-Martí A. Torres-Moreno M. Patients With Celiac Disease Reported Higher Consumption of Added Sugar and Total Fat Than Healthy Individuals J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2017 64 63 69 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001251 27128207 · DOI · Paper page
  6. [7]Martin J. Geisel T. Maresch C. Krieger K. Stein J. Inadequate Nutrient Intake in Patients with Celiac Disease: Results from a German Dietary Survey Digestion 2013 87 240 246 10.1159/000348850 23751356 · DOI
  7. [8]Ohlund K. Olsson C. Hernell O. Ohlund I. Dietary Shortcomings in Children on a Gluten-Free Diet J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. Off. J. Br. Diet. Assoc. 2010 23 294 300 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2010.01060.x 20337845 · DOI · Paper page
  8. [9]Hopman E.G.D. le Cessie S. von Blomberg B.M.E. Mearin M.L. Nutritional Management of the Gluten-Free Diet in Young People with Celiac Disease in The Netherlands J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2006 43 102 108 10.1097/01.mpg.0000228102.89454.eb 16819385 · DOI · Paper page
  9. [10]Aguayo-Patrón S.V. Calderón de la Barca A.M. Old Fashioned vs. Ultra-Processed-Based Current Diets: Possible Implication in the Increased Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease in Childhood Foods 2017 6 100 10.3390/foods6110100 29140275 PMC5704144 · DOI
  10. [11]Wild D. Robins G.G. Burley V.J. Howdle P.D. Evidence of High Sugar Intake, and Low Fibre and Mineral Intake, in the Gluten-Free Diet Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010 32 573 581 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04386.x 20528829 · DOI
  11. [12]Thompson T. Dennis M. Higgins L.A. Lee A.R. Sharrett M.K. Gluten-Free Diet Survey: Are Americans with Coeliac Disease Consuming Recommended Amounts of Fibre, Iron, Calcium and Grain Foods? J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2005 18 163 169 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2005.00607.x 15882378 · DOI
  12. [13]Barone M. Della Valle N. Rosania R. Facciorusso A. Trotta A. Cantatore F.P. Falco S. Pignatiello S. Viggiani M.T. Amoruso A. A Comparison of the Nutritional Status between Adult Celiac Patients on a Long-Term, Strictly Gluten-Free Diet and Healthy Subjects Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016 70 23 27 10.1038/ejcn.2015.114 26173865 · DOI
  13. [14]Bardella M.T. Fredella C. Prampolini L. Molteni N. Giunta A.M. Bianchi P.A. Body Composition and Dietary Intakes in Adult Celiac Disease Patients Consuming a Strict Gluten-Free Diet Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000 72 937 939 10.1093/ajcn/72.4.937 11010934 · DOI
  14. [15]Mariani P. Viti M.G. Montuori M. La Vecchia A. Cipolletta E. Calvani L. Bonamico M. The Gluten-Free Diet: A Nutritional Risk Factor for Adolescents with Celiac Disease? J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1998 27 519 523 10.1097/00005176-199811000-00004 9822315 · DOI
  15. [16]Rubio-Tapia A. Hill I.D. Kelly C.P. Calderwood A.H. Murray J.A. American College of Gastroenterology ACG Clinical Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2013 108 656 676 10.1038/ajg.2013.79 23609613 PMC3706994 · DOI
  16. [17]Theethira T.G. Dennis M. Celiac Disease and the Gluten-Free Diet: Consequences and Recommendations for Improvement Dig. Dis. 2015 33 175 182 10.1159/000369504 25925920 · DOI
  17. [18]Kinsey L. Burden S.T. Bannerman E. A Dietary Survey to Determine If Patients with Coeliac Disease Are Meeting Current Healthy Eating Guidelines and How Their Diet Compares to That of the British General Population Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008 62 1333 1342 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602856 17700651 · DOI
  18. [19]Thompson T. Folate, Iron, and Dietary Fiber Contents of the Gluten-Free Diet J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2000 100 1389 1396 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00386-2 11103663 · DOI
  19. [20]Shepherd S.J. Gibson P.R. Nutritional Inadequacies of the Gluten-Free Diet in Both Recently-Diagnosed and Long-Term Patients with Coeliac Disease J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2013 26 349 358 10.1111/jhn.12018 23198728 · DOI
  20. [21]Grace-Farfaglia P. Bones of Contention: Bone Mineral Density Recovery in Celiac Disease—A Systematic Review Nutrients 2015 7 3347 3369 10.3390/nu7053347 25961322 PMC4446755 · DOI
  21. [22]Kupper C. Dietary Guidelines and Implementation for Celiac Disease Gastroenterology 2005 128 S121 S127 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.024 15825119 · DOI
  22. [23]Penagini F. Dilillo D. Meneghin F. Mameli C. Fabiano V. Zuccotti G.V. Gluten-Free Diet in Children: An Approach to a Nutritionally Adequate and Balanced Diet Nutrients 2013 5 4553 4565 10.3390/nu5114553 24253052 PMC3847748 · DOI
  23. [24]Caruso R. Pallone F. Stasi E. Romeo S. Monteleone G. Appropriate Nutrient Supplementation in Celiac Disease Ann. Med. 2013 45 522 531 10.3109/07853890.2013.849383 24195595 · DOI
  24. [26]Saturni L. Ferretti G. Bacchetti T. The Gluten-Free Diet: Safety and Nutritional Quality Nutrients 2010 2 16 34 10.3390/nu2010016 22253989 PMC3257612 · DOI · Paper page
  25. [27]Hallert C. Grant C. Grehn S. Grännö C. Hultén S. Midhagen G. Ström M. Svensson H. Valdimarsson T. Evidence of Poor Vitamin Status in Coeliac Patients on a Gluten-Free Diet for 10 Years Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002 16 1333 1339 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01283.x 12144584 · DOI
  26. [28]Laurikka P. Lindfors K. Oittinen M. Huhtala H. Salmi T. Lähdeaho M.-L. Ilus T. Mäki M. Kaukinen K. Kurppa K. Dietary Factors and Mucosal Immune Response in Celiac Disease Patients Having Persistent Symptoms Despite a Gluten-Free Diet J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2019 53 507 513 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001013 29505551 · DOI
  27. [29]Lechner K. von Schacky C. McKenzie A.L. Worm N. Nixdorff U. Lechner B. Kränkel N. Halle M. Krauss R.M. Scherr J. Lifestyle Factors and High-Risk Atherosclerosis: Pathways and Mechanisms beyond Traditional Risk Factors Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2020 27 394 406 10.1177/2047487319869400 31408370 PMC7065445 · DOI
  28. [31]Husby S. Koletzko S. Korponay-Szabó I.R. Mearin M.L. Phillips A. Shamir R. Troncone R. Giersiepen K. Branski D. Catassi C. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Celiac Disease J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2012 54 136 160 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0 22197856 · DOI · Paper page
  29. [32]Lewis S.J. Heaton K.W. Stool Form Scale as a Useful Guide to Intestinal Transit Time Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1997 32 920 924 10.3109/00365529709011203 9299672 · DOI · Paper page
  30. [37]Cremers J. Mulder K.T. Klugkist I. Circular Interpretation of Regression Coefficients Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 2018 71 75 95 10.1111/bmsp.12108 28868792 PMC5811843 · DOI
  31. [38]Suárez-González M. Bousoño García C. Jiménez Treviño S. Iglesias Cabo T. Díaz Martín J.J. Influence of Nutrition Education in Paediatric Coeliac Disease: Impact of the Role of the Registered Dietitian: A Prospective, Single-Arm Intervention Study J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. Off. J. Br. Diet. Assoc. 2020 33 775 785 10.1111/jhn.12800 32790023 · DOI
  32. [39]Moubarac J.-C. Parra D.C. Cannon G. Monteiro C.A. Food Classification Systems Based on Food Processing: Significance and Implications for Policies and Actions: A Systematic Literature Review and Assessment Curr. Obes. Rep. 2014 3 256 272 10.1007/s13679-014-0092-0 26626606 · DOI · Paper page
  33. [40]Juul F. Martinez-Steele E. Parekh N. Monteiro C.A. Chang V.W. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Excess Weight among US Adults Br. J. Nutr. 2018 120 90 100 10.1017/S0007114518001046 29729673 · DOI · Paper page
  34. [41]Monteiro C.A. Moubarac J.-C. Levy R.B. Canella D.S. da Louzada M.L.C. Cannon G. Household Availability of Ultra-Processed Foods and Obesity in Nineteen European Countries Public Health Nutr. 2018 21 18 26 10.1017/S1368980017001379 28714422 PMC10260838 · DOI
  35. [43]Srour B. Fezeu L.K. Kesse-Guyot E. Allès B. Méjean C. Andrianasolo R.M. Chazelas E. Deschasaux M. Hercberg S. Galan P. Ultra-processed Food Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective Cohort Study (NutriNet-Santé) BMJ 2019 365 l1451 10.1136/bmj.l1451 31142457 PMC6538975 · DOI · Paper page
  36. [45]Lustig R.H. Ultraprocessed Food: Addictive, Toxic, and Ready for Regulation Nutrients 2020 12 3401 10.3390/nu12113401 PMC7694501 33167515 · DOI
  37. [46]Djupegot I.L. Nenseth C.B. Bere E. Bjørnarå H.B.T. Helland S.H. Øverby N.C. Torstveit M.K. Stea T.H. The Association between Time Scarcity, Sociodemographic Correlates and Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods among Parents in Norway: A Cross-Sectional Study BMC Public Health 2017 17 447 10.1186/s12889-017-4408-3 28506318 PMC5433068 · DOI
  38. [47]Miranda J. Lasa A. Bustamante M.A. Churruca I. Simon E. Nutritional Differences between a Gluten-Free Diet and a Diet Containing Equivalent Products with Gluten Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2014 69 182 187 10.1007/s11130-014-0410-4 24578088 · DOI
  39. [48]Kulai T. Rashid M. Assessment of Nutritional Adequacy of Packaged Gluten-Free Food Products Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res. 2014 75 186 190 10.3148/cjdpr-2014-022 26067071 · DOI · Paper page
  40. [49]Cornicelli M. Saba M. Machello N. Silano M. Neuhold S. Nutritional Composition of Gluten-Free Food versus Regular Food Sold in the Italian Market Dig. Liver Dis. 2018 50 1305 1308 10.1016/j.dld.2018.04.028 29857960 · DOI
  41. [50]Fry L. Madden A.M. Fallaize R. An Investigation into the Nutritional Composition and Cost of Gluten-Free versus Regular Food Products in the UK J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2018 31 108 120 10.1111/jhn.12502 28851025 · DOI
  42. [51]Mazzeo T. Cauzzi S. Brighenti F. Pellegrini N. The Development of a Composition Database of Gluten-Free Products Public Health Nutr. 2015 18 1353 1357 10.1017/S1368980014001682 25166854 PMC10271253 · DOI
  43. [52]Lionetti E. Antonucci N. Marinelli M. Bartolomei B. Franceschini E. Gatti S. Catassi G.N. Verma A.K. Monachesi C. Catassi C. Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet of Children with Celiac Disease on a Gluten-Free Diet: A Case-Control Prospective Study Nutrients 2020 12 143 10.3390/nu12010143 31947949 PMC7019969 · DOI
  44. [53]Forchielli M.L. Diani L. Labriola F. Bolasco G. Rocca A. Salfi N.C. Leone A. Miserocchi C. Andreozzi L. Levi Della Vida F. Gluten Deprivation: What Nutritional Changes Are Found During the First Year in Newly Diagnosed Coeliac Children? Nutrients 2019 12 60 10.3390/nu12010060 PMC7020039 31881668 · DOI
  45. [54]Pan A. Sun Q. Bernstein A.M. Schulze M.B. Manson J.E. Stampfer M.J. Willett W.C. Hu F.B. Red Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from 2 Prospective Cohort Studies Arch. Intern. Med. 2012 172 555 563 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2287 22412075 PMC3712342 · DOI · Paper page
  46. [55]Locke A. Schneiderhan J. Zick S.M. Diets for Health: Goals and Guidelines Am. Fam. Physician 2018 97 721 728 30215930
  47. [56]Macêdo M.I.P. Albuquerque M.d.F.M. Tahan S. de Morais M.B. Is There Any Association between Overweight, Physical Activity, Fat and Fiber Intake with Functional Constipation in Adolescents? Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2020 1 7 10.1080/00365521.2020.1749878 32320314 · DOI
  48. [57]Southwell B.R. Treatment of Childhood Constipation: A Synthesis of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020 14 163 174 10.1080/17474124.2020.1733974 32098515 · DOI
  49. [58]Barton S.H. Kelly D.G. Murray J.A. Nutritional Deficiencies in Celiac Disease Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am. 2007 36 93 108 10.1016/j.gtc.2007.01.006 17472877 · DOI
  50. [59]Zuccotti G. Fabiano V. Dilillo D. Picca M. Cravidi C. Brambilla P. Intakes of Nutrients in Italian Children with Celiac Disease and the Role of Commercially Available Gluten-Free Products J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2013 26 436 444 10.1111/jhn.12026 23252793 · DOI
  51. [60]Turnbull B. Lanigan J. Singhal A. Toddler Diets in the U.K.: Deficiencies and Imbalances. 1. Risk of Micronutrient Deficiencies J. Fam. Health Care 2007 17 167 170 17990656
  52. [61]Dunn J.T. Iodine Should Be Routinely Added to Complementary Foods J. Nutr. 2003 133 3008S 3010S 10.1093/jn/133.9.3008S 12949401 · DOI
  53. [62]Kapourchali F.R. Surendiran G. Goulet A. Moghadasian M.H. The Role of Dietary Cholesterol in Lipoprotein Metabolism and Related Metabolic Abnormalities: A Mini-Review Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2016 56 2408 2415 10.1080/10408398.2013.842887 26055276 · DOI
  54. [64]Bascuñán K.A. Vespa M.C. Araya M. Celiac Disease: Understanding the Gluten-Free Diet Eur. J. Nutr. 2017 56 449 459 10.1007/s00394-016-1238-5 27334430 · DOI
  55. [65]Alzaben A.S. Turner J. Shirton L. Samuel T.M. Persad R. Mager D. Assessing Nutritional Quality and Adherence to the Gluten-Free Diet in Children and Adolescents with Celiac Disease Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res. 2015 76 56 63 10.3148/cjdpr-2014-040 26067413 · DOI
  56. [66]Wu J.H.Y. Neal B. Trevena H. Crino M. Stuart-Smith W. Faulkner-Hogg K. Yu Louie J.C. Dunford E. Are Gluten-Free Foods Healthier than Non-Gluten-Free Foods? An Evaluation of Supermarket Products in Australia Br. J. Nutr. 2015 114 448 454 10.1017/S0007114515002056 26119206 · DOI
  57. [67]de Deus Mendonça R. Lopes A.C.S. Pimenta A.M. Gea A. Martinez-Gonzalez M.A. Bes-Rastrollo M. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and the Incidence of Hypertension in a Mediterranean Cohort: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Project Am. J. Hypertens. 2017 30 358 366 10.1093/ajh/hpw137 27927627 · DOI · Paper page
  58. [68]Giménez A. de Saldamando L. Curutchet M.R. Ares G. Package Design and Nutritional Profile of Foods Targeted at Children in Supermarkets in Montevideo, Uruguay Cad. Saude Publica 2017 33 e00032116 10.1590/0102-311x00032116 28614447 · DOI
  59. [69]Wilkin T.J. The Convergence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood: The Accelerator Hypothesis Pediatr. Diabetes 2012 13 334 339 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00831.x 22059423 · DOI
  60. [70]Madrigal C. Soto-Méndez M.J. Hernández-Ruiz Á. Valero T. Ávila J.M. Ruiz E. Lara Villoslada F. Leis R. de Martínez Victoria E. Moreno J.M. Energy Intake, Macronutrient Profile and Food Sources of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years—Results from the EsNuPI Study Nutrients 2020 12 893 10.3390/nu12040893 32218330 PMC7231217 · DOI
  61. [72]Kautto E. Ivarsson A. Norström F. Högberg L. Carlsson A. Hörnell A. Nutrient Intake in Adolescent Girls and Boys Diagnosed with Coeliac Disease at an Early Age Is Mostly Comparable to Their Non-Coeliac Contemporaries J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2014 27 41 53 10.1111/jhn.12125 23701396 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Suárez-González, M., Bousoño-García, C., Jiménez-Treviño, S., & Díaz-Martín, J. J.
Affiliations
  • Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (ES)
  • Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Central University Hospital of Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias. Av. Roma, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
Corresponding author
Suárez-González, Marta
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-28
Volume
13
Issue
4
Pages
1108
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu13041108
PMC
PMC8065720
OpenAlex
W3144250034
Cited by
19
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4
FWCI
2.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Universidad de Oviedo
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords
celiac disease, gluten-free diet, child nutrition, dietitian counseling, nutrition education, dietary habits, bowel habits, constipation, macronutrient intake, dietary fiber intake, ultra-processed foods, saturated fat, sugar consumption, dietary adherence
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Celiac Disease, Child, Child, Preschool, Constipation, Counseling, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Nutritional Status, Patient Compliance, Patient Education as Topic, Prospective Studies, Diet, Gluten-Free, Patient Outcome Assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review