United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Safety Review of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Open accessAbstract
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is marketed in the U.S. as a dietary supplement. USP conducted a comprehensive safety evaluation of GABA by assessing clinical studies, adverse event information, and toxicology data. Clinical studies investigated the effect of pure GABA as a dietary supplement or as a natural constituent of fermented milk or soy matrices. Data showed no serious adverse events associated with GABA at intakes up to 18 g/d for 4 days and in longer studies at intakes of 120 mg/d for 12 weeks. Some studies showed that GABA was associated with a transient and moderate drop in blood pressure (<10% change). No studies were available on effects of GABA during pregnancy and lactation, and no case reports or spontaneous adverse events associated with GABA were found. Chronic administration of GABA to rats and dogs at doses up to 1 g/kg/day showed no signs of toxicity. Because some studies showed that GABA was associated with decreases in blood pressure, it is conceivable that concurrent use of GABA with anti-hypertensive medications could increase risk of hypotension. Caution is advised for pregnant and lactating women since GABA can affect neurotransmitters and the endocrine system, i.e., increases in growth hormone and prolactin levels.
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The best documented effect of GABA is the regulation of blood pressure by acting as an antihypertensive agent.
“However, the best documented effect of GABA is the regulation of blood pressure by acting as an antihypertensive agent [291].”
From Lactic Acid Bacteria in Raw-Milk Cheeses: From Starter Cultures to Probiotic Functions (2022) · cites this paper as [291]
Section 6.1 says most GABA supplementation studies examined mild hypertension, and section 6.2 reports blood-pressure reductions in several trials. But the review describes the reductions as moderate and transient, and section 6.2 also reports a trial with higher blood pressure in the GABA group. Calling GABA an antihypertensive agent overstates this mixed evidence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“However, the best documented effect of GABA is the regulation of blood pressure by acting as an antihypertensive agent [291].”
- Authors
- Oketch-Rabah, H. A., Madden, E. F., Roe, A. L., & Betz, J. M.
- Affiliations
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention (US)
- Procter & Gamble (United States) (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Betz, Joseph M.
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-08-10
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2742
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8399837
- OpenAlex
- W3187669107
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- United States Pharmacopeia
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › GABA and Rice Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Keywords
- GABA, supplement safety, adverse events, blood pressure, hypotension, antihypertensive drug interactions, pregnancy and lactation, growth hormone, prolactin, fermented milk, soy products, chronic toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Pressure, Dogs, Female, Fermentation, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Humans, Male, Milk, Pregnancy, Product Surveillance, Postmarketing, United States, Dietary Supplements, Soy Foods, Rats, Performance-Enhancing Substances
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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