Are Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels Influencing Food Choices and Purchases, Diet Quality, and Modeled Health Outcomes? A Narrative Review of Four Systems
Open accessAbstract
Front-of-Pack Nutrition labels (FOPNLs) aim to improve consumers’ food purchases and prompt product reformulation by the food and beverage industry. Despite their widespread use, the effectiveness of FOPNL in achieving these goals is still a matter of debate. This review has gathered 65 original studies exploring the performances of four widely used FOPNLs (Multiple Traffic Light, Warning signs, Nutri-Score and Health Star Rating). Although FOPNLs have been associated with healthier food purchases, the magnitude of improvements was small and dependent on study settings. Any associated health effects were modeled rather than observed. None of the four FOPNLs clearly outperformed the other ones on any outcome. Few studies dealt with the impact of FOPNL on product reformulation. Some of those studies, but not all, found small reductions in energy, sodium, sugar and saturated fat content of foods in some food categories. Although global trends point to a small favorable effect of FOPNL, this conclusion is subject to caution since the evidence is inconsistent and comes from a wide variety of contexts and study designs. There remain numerous research gaps, notably with regard to the optimal characteristics of FOPNLs, the durability of FOPNL effects on consumer behaviors, and any possible unexpected consequences.
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The PEF label's current alternative formats are based upon complex cue systems that have demonstrated very mixed effectiveness as an arbiter of consumer evaluation and choice in FMCG purchase situations.
“all alternative current formats of it are based upon complex cue systems of a type that has demonstrated very mixed effectiveness as an arbiter of consumer evaluation and choice in FMCG purchase situations [13,14]”
From Marketing Tactics for Sustainable Fashion and the Circular Economy: The Impact of Ethical Labels on Fast Fashion Choice (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
The Results (§3.1) say that real-life studies found mixed effects of front-of-pack nutrition labels on food purchases, and the Discussion (§4.1) reports mixed evidence about their influence on healthier choices. The paper does not address PEF labels or establish that their alternative formats use complex cue systems; its findings concern nutrition labels on foods, not FMCG purchases generally. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Braesco, V., & Drewnowski, A.
- Affiliations
- VAB-Nutrition, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Braesco, Véronique
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 205
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9824714
- OpenAlex
- W4313471354
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Packaging Perceptions and Trends
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Consumer behavior in food and health
- Keywords
- front-of-pack nutrition labels, traffic light labeling, warning labels, Nutri-Score, Health Star Rating, food purchasing, diet quality, product reformulation, food industry, sugar, saturated fat, energy content, consumer behavior
- MeSH terms
- Choice Behavior, Consumer Behavior, Diet, Food Labeling, Food Preferences, Nutritive Value, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
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