A Systematic Review of Healthy Nutrition Intervention Programs in Kindergarten and Primary Education
Open accessAbstract
Childhood obesity and overweight rates are increasing in an exponential way. This type of diet-related health problem has consequences, not only at present but also for children’s future lives. For these reasons, it is very important to find a solution, which could be nutrition intervention programs. The main objective of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of nutrition intervention programs in children aged 3–12 around the world. We used SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed databases to carry out this systematic review and we followed the PRISMA statement. Two authors conducted literature searches independently, finding a total of 138 articles. Finally, after a thorough screening, a total of 19 articles were selected for detailed analysis. The results show that, in general, nutrition intervention programs are effective in improving knowledge and behaviors about healthy habits, and, consequently, that the body mass index value is reduced. However, it is true that we found differences between the incomes of families and geographical areas. In conclusion, we encourage school centers to consider including these types of programs in their educational program and bring awareness of the importance of families too.
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Although previous reviews have examined school-based nutrition interventions in children, most have focused on dietary intake, healthy eating behavior, or general nutrition outcomes rather than nutrition literacy as the primary target.
“Although previous reviews have examined school-based nutrition interventions in children, most have focused on dietary intake, healthy eating behavior, or general nutrition outcomes rather than nutrition literacy as the primary target.”
From Effects of school-based nutrition literacy Intervention on obesity prevention in school-age students: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
The Discussion and Introduction §1.4 describe this systematic review as examining school-based nutrition programs’ effects on children’s knowledge, eating behaviors, and other outcomes, rather than nutrition literacy as its primary target. The paper supports that characterization of itself, but it does not establish that most previous reviews had the same focus. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChanges in BMI may require a longer duration, greater intensity, and support from the family and school environment.
“They may require a longer duration, greater intensity, and support from the family and school environment [22, 38].”
From Effects of school-based nutrition literacy Intervention on obesity prevention in school-age students: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports mixed BMI results across nutrition interventions and says school environments and families are essential for promoting healthy habits. It does not say that BMI changes require longer duration or greater intensity, or specifically link family and school support to achieving BMI changes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese findings are broadly consistent with earlier reviews of school-based nutrition interventions, which have generally shown clearer effects on knowledge and selected dietary outcomes than on BMI or other anthropometric measures.
“These findings are broadly consistent with earlier reviews of school-based nutrition interventions, which have generally shown clearer effects on knowledge and selected dietary outcomes than on BMI or other anthropometric measures [38, 39].”
From Effects of school-based nutrition literacy Intervention on obesity prevention in school-age students: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
This is consistent with broader evidence showing that school-based programs can strengthen knowledge and some health behaviors, but changes in BMI are often less consistent.
“This is consistent with broader evidence showing that school-based programs can strengthen knowledge and some health behaviors, but changes in BMI are often less consistent.”
From Effects of school-based nutrition literacy Intervention on obesity prevention in school-age students: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
Existing reviews have provided limited detail on how these interventions were designed and delivered, including their strategies, activity components, curriculum content, and implementation methods.
“Existing reviews have also provided limited detail on how these interventions were designed and delivered, including their strategies, activity components, curriculum content, and implementation methods.”
From Effects of school-based nutrition literacy Intervention on obesity prevention in school-age students: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
The Results (§3.2; page unavailable) describe this review’s own categories of intervention activities, and the Conclusions (§5; page unavailable) discuss limits to its geographic coverage. Neither section assesses whether existing reviews provide limited detail on intervention design, content, or implementation; searches for that assessment found no passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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Cites
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“Regular meal intake, especially at breakfast time, is associated with better overall food consumption [73,74], and it is essential to improving eating behavior [75,76] and physical activity [77].”
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“In a literature search, we found contrary opinions about this topic, with some articles emphasizing the effectiveness of these types of programs [83,84] while others affirmed that these interventions were not effective [85,86].”
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Raaijmakers, L. C. H., Pouwels, S., Berghuis, K., & Nienhuijs, S. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.008 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
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ResultMothers’ views of their preschool child’s screen-viewing behaviour: a qualitative study
Bentley, G. F., Turner, K., & Jago, R. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3440-z · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
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“School environments and families are essential in promoting healthy habits and modifying dietary behaviors [89,90].”
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Promoting Children’s Healthy Habits Through Self-Regulation Via Parenting
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“Independently of the setting, it is very important for children to have good health habits to promote good health habits in adulthood [16].”
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“In a literature search, we found contrary opinions about this topic, with some articles emphasizing the effectiveness of these types of programs [83,84] while others affirmed that these interventions were not effective [85,86].”
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“This has occurred not only in the richest countries but also in poorer countries [5,6], and the incidence continues to grow.”
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“This is corroborated by a previous study, which showed that a 5-2-1-0 intervention program [87] decreases the BMI percentile.”
ResultCorrelates of compliance with recommended levels of physical activity in children
Gomes, T. N., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Hedeker, D., Fogelholm, M., Standage, M., Onywera, V., Lambert, E. V., Tremblay, M. S., Chaput, J.-P., Tudor-Locke, C., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16525-9 · Cited by 55 · cited 1× · see citing works
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“School environments and families are essential in promoting healthy habits and modifying dietary behaviors [89,90].”
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“In addition, overweight children who participated in these programs reduced their BMI score [39,46].”
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“Regular meal intake, especially at breakfast time, is associated with better overall food consumption [73,74], and it is essential to improving eating behavior [75,76] and physical activity [77].”
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BackgroundResultInfluentialImpact of Whole, Fresh Fruit Consumption on Energy Intake and Adiposity: A Systematic Review
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“The interventions selected are heterogeneous among the results of prior meta-analyses and systematic reviews [62,63]; however, all of them have adequate alignment among intervention, objectives, and findings, which is an important aspect to be effective [57].”
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“The interventions selected are heterogeneous among the results of prior meta-analyses and systematic reviews [62,63]; however, all of them have adequate alignment among intervention, objectives, and findings, which is an important aspect to be effective [57].”
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“2015 [38] - Eating fruit for lunch is the unique factor that increased in the three groups with significant differences (p = 0.”
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“School food programs should contribute to child health and well-being [27] and to the promotion of healthy eating patterns [28].”
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“2016 [36] Effectiveness of 5-2-1-0 Educational curriculum.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAre eating habits associated with physical fitness in primary school children?
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“This is consistent with previous research which focused on the knowledge about healthy eating habits [68,69].”
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“Nutrition knowledge is very important in all stages of our lives because it fosters the awareness of eating and, therefore, inspires people to practice healthy eating [70,71].”
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“Nutrition knowledge is very important in all stages of our lives because it fosters the awareness of eating and, therefore, inspires people to practice healthy eating [70,71].”
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“The responsibility for these data is with the eating habits, including food and physical activity [9].”
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“Regarding the literature, nutrition education programs increase knowledge and food attitudes [54], practical activities during the programs encourage an increase in physical activities [55] or healthy eating behaviors.”
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“Nevertheless, there are other influences such as friends, teachers, and parents’ attitudes toward food [15].”
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“In Table 3, we observe that nutrition intervention programs increase children’s nutritional knowledge [40,49], especially about the appropriate daily frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption [46], and the sugar content of certain foods [35].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHabib-Mourad, C., Ghandour, L., Maliha, C., Dagher, M., Kharroubi, S., & Hwalla, N. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092687 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, the most effective programs are those that join both education and practice [56].”
BackgroundQian, L., Newman, I., Yuen, L.-W., Du, W., & Shell, D. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018003713 · Cited by 15 · cited 7×
“However, we also found some educational programs which improved the practice scores [40] or eating behaviors [41,51] and practical programs that fostered knowledge [37,42,50].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDifferential effects of a school‐based obesity prevention program: A cluster randomized trial
Nickel, N. C., Doupe, M. B., Enns, J. E., Brownell, M. D., Sarkar, J., Chateau, D. G., Burland, E., Chartier, M., Katz, A., Crockett, L. K., et al. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13009 · Cited by 13 · cited 10× · see citing works
“affirmed that boys that lived in rural areas experienced a greater reduction in waist circumference (WC) [47].”
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“Regarding the literature, nutrition education programs increase knowledge and food attitudes [54], practical activities during the programs encourage an increase in physical activities [55] or healthy eating behaviors.”
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“We found that children which were exposed to FV provision [44,49] or FV education [38,45,49] improved their BMI, FV intake, nutrition knowledge, and behaviors.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEpidemiological perspectives of dietary sugars, salts and fats
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“The problem is that diet-related health problems are associated with excessive sugar, salt, and fat consumption [12].”
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“Additionally, they could decrease anxiety and depression, and improve academic performance, socialization, or self-esteem [18,19].”
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Educational robotics for primary education: An analysis of research trends
Rojas, E. S. M., Valencia-Arías, A., Coronado, M. H. V., Gamarra, J. M. B., Agudelo-Ceballos, E., Benjumea-Arias, M., & Mori, L. V. (2025) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education · doi:10.29333/ejmste/16050 · Cited by 8
“A systematic review of healthy nutrition intervention programs in primary education, for example, underscores the necessity for analogous studies that are specifically focused on the integration of robotics in the educational field (Collado-Soler et al., 2023).”
Duarte, A., Martins, S., Augusto, C., Silva, M. J., Lopes, L., Santos, R., & Rosario, R. V. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17953-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Several studies have concentrated on health promotion interventions for children ranging from kindergarten to high school ages [9–11].”
BackgroundDietary and Sedentary Behavior in Children and Adolescents
Trigueros, R., & Aguilar-Parra, J. M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071178 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMullaney, K., Mylotte, L., & McCloat, A. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15126901 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ülker, M. T., Elmacıoğlu, F., Büyükateş, H. S., Özdemir, A., Sezen, H. K., & Gündüz, S. (2024) · Toros University Journal of Food, Nutrition and Gastronomy · doi:10.58625/jfng-2472 · Cited by 5
“…aged 3-12 years worldwide, reported that nutrition intervention programs were effective in improving knowledge and behaviors about healthy habits resulted in reduced body mass index; they concluded that school centers and families should be included in nutrition education interventions (11).”
BackgroundBelando‐Pedreño, N., Blanco-García, M.-E., Chamorro, J. M. L., & García-Martí, C. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15051161 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Furthermore, most of the intervention programs carried out in recent years to counteract childhood obesity have been those carried out in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years, which addressed practical contents such as: (a) Focusing actions on eating behavior, rather than a knowledge-based approach alone; (b) focusing on in…”
BackgroundPenyuluhan Jajanan dan Makanan Sehat Terhadap Pengetahuan Siswa
Fuadi, T. M., Raisah, P., & Nurhaliza, N. (2023) · Surya Abdimas · doi:10.37729/abdimas.v7i3.3166 · Cited by 4
Olgacher, D., Aldukair, S., Clarke, M. J., McCarthy, D., & Woodside, J. V. (2025) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf144 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Arce-Larrory, O., Velasco, E., & Sáez, I. (2024) · Education sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14111220 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Family literacy and nutrition outcomes of the pilot Books & Cooks family education program
Diehl, D. C., Badolato, M. N., Papanek, A., Duncan, J. C., Mathews, A. C., & Shelnutt, K. P. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-01655-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koçyiğit, E., Bozkurt, O., Kocaadam-Bozkurt, B., & Altay, D. U. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25046-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Therefore, nutrition education in preschool plays a significant role in encouraging healthy modifications in dietary choices and food-and nutrition-related behaviors that positively impact children’s health and well-being [11, 12].”
Quigley, F., Lynch, L., Price, R., Hollywood, L., Gallagher, A., Mooney, E., McCloat, A., & Moorhead, S. (2025) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaf151 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nutritional Screening and Assessment in Different Populations
Aparicio, A., & Lozano-Estevan, M. D. C. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17091525 · Cited by 2
Sharma, S. V., Senn, M., Zięba, A., Tang, M., Chuang, R.-J., Byrd-Williams, C., Pomeroy, M., Gaminian, A., Cox, J. N., French, K., et al. (2024) · Preventive medicine reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102674 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Growth and development impact of sustainable nutrition education: An experimental study.
Ulker, M. T., Şimşek, A., Hacıoğlu, G. E., Kurt, A., Erken, S., & Yildiz, B. (2023) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.16891 · Cited by 2
Kizza, P. M., Kabahenda, M. K., Sanctus, C., & Male, D. (2026) · African Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.58460/ajnd.v5i02.195 · Cited by 1
“The pre-primary stage (ages 3–5 years) is marked by growing independence, social engagement, and the development of new skills, making it an opportune time to establish healthy dietary patterns and physical activity habits (Collado-Soler et al., 2023; UNICEF, 2019).”
Low, K., Chan, C. M. J., Chong, M. F.-F., Ang, I. Y. H., Chan, F. J. H., Isa, N., Chia, J., bin Aman, M. A., Lok, Y., & Ali, S. H. (2026) · BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2024-001064 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“18 20–24 30 Qualitative feedback from stakeholders, collected before, during and after implementation, can enhance the contextu-alisation and effectiveness of these interventions.”
Dietary Habits among students of a medical college
Lisa, S. H., Munna, M. A., & Eza, L. H. (2026) · Journal of the Medical College for Women & Hospital · doi:10.3329/jmcwh.v22i1.81414 · Cited by 1
“There remains a disparity between practice and knowledge which calls for institutional intervention, as recommended in recent systematic reviews 17,18 .”
Prácticas alimentarias relacionadas con la nutrición infantil en niños menores de cinco años.
Pilco-Jimenez, D. E., Vera-Cordero, A. J., & Falconí-Peláez, S. (2025) · Innova Science Journal · doi:10.63618/omd/isj/v3/n3/95 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rani, I. F. A., Jamil, N., Abdul, M., Zain, A., Basir, J. M., Mohamad, I., & Risad, W. N. A. W. (2025) · International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2025.06.018 · Cited by 1
Roslim, N. A., Azizan, N. H. M., Noor, S. M. M., Piernas-Sanchez, C., & Ahmad, A. (2024) · Malaysian journal of medicine and health sciences · doi:10.47836/mjmhs.20.3.11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Despite growing awareness regarding healthy eating habits, numerous teenagers continue to consume unhealthy foods that could affect their academic results unfavourably (14).”
Posri, S., Powwattana, A., Lagampan, S., Chongsuwat, R., Boonmanunt, S. W., & Wongkampun, S. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27909-w
“These findings are broadly consistent with earlier reviews of school-based nutrition interventions, which have generally shown clearer effects on knowledge and selected dietary outcomes than on BMI or other anthropometric measures [38, 39].”
MEDIA PROMOSI KESEHATAN SEKOLAH DAN PERCEIVED CONTROL PADA ANAK USIA DINI
Wahyudi, D., & Octamelia, M. (2026) · Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan & Kebidanan Nusantara · doi:10.62710/rwfc5355
“…fisik, dan pencegahan penyakit menunjukkan potensi lebih besar ketika anak memperoleh pendidikan terstruktur, latihan berulang, dan dukungan orang dewasa atau pengasuh (Biyikoglu Alkan et al., 2025; Chang et al., 2022; Collado-Soler et al., 2023; Follong et al., 2022; Tiplady et al., 2026).”
Diet quality in Kazakhstan schools and kindergartens: Implications for national nutrition policy
Tardjibayeva, S., Abduldayeva, A., Doszhanova, G., Safonov, N., Mukhanbetova, N., & Iskakova, S. (2026) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_91_26
“11,17-19] In this context, scientific sources emphasize the relevance of implementing educational programs on the fundamentals of nutrition for both students and education professionals.”
Müllertz, A. L. O., Stage, A., Bloch, P., Elsborg, P., Termansen, T., & Stougård, M. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120060
Nurhayati, T., Daesylina, D., Waluyo, E., & Forman, A. (2026) · ISEJ Indonesian Science Education Journal · doi:10.62159/isej.v7i2.2364
“…interventions show that parental and family involvement can improve nutrition knowledge and, in some cases, household food-related practices, although the evidence for dietary intake is mixed (Abderbwih et al., 2022; Collado-Soler et al., 2023; Omidvar et al., 2023; Pongutta et al., 2022).”
Nion, Y. A., Suriani, M., Kresnatita, S., & Cicilia, A. P. (2026) · GERVASI Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat · doi:10.31571/gervasi.v10i1.9998
“Selain itu, intervensi pendidikan gizi berkontribusi terhadap perbaikan kualitas diet dan pola makan keluarga secara berkelanjutan (Collado-Soler et al., 2023; Contento, 2020).”
Sustaining Heart-Healthy Habits in Youth: A 15-Year Review of the SI! Program.
Santos-Beneit, G., Fernández-Jiménez, R., de Cos-Gandoy, A., Bodega, P., Rodríguez, C., Orrit, X., de Miguel, M., Haro, D., Peyra, C., Carvajal, I., et al. (2026) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-026-02368-2
Kokane, A. M., Harijith, K. R., Mushtaq, J., & Rawat, N. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.106307
“The large-scale payment delays reported by Indian manufacturers, as echoed in public sector procurement research, significantly dampen suppliers' flexibility, forcing them either to curtail production or to rely on reserves, both of which ultimately risk stockouts and program interruptions [15].”
RetractedAriyanto, E., Maheswara, D. D. S., Nugraha, D. A., Willyanissa, F. F., Khairunnisa, R. S., Muthmainnah, U., Nafisha, Y. H., Ilyan, I. S., Jafar, M. A., & Rinnissa, R. K. (2026) · Kontribusi: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat · doi:10.53624/kontribusi.v6i2.868
Eating and Physical Activity Habits in Adolescents
Mohamed-Mohamed, K., García-Garrido, R., Abdelkader-Mohamed, H., & Ruíz-Montero, P. J. (2025) · Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental · doi:10.24857/rgsa.v19n12-053
Yilmaz-Onal, H., Demirbaş, M., Edis-Karaman, M., & Evci-Güney, S. A. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25792-5
“Active learning-based methods are recommended in the preschool period to help ensure knowledge is retained and translated into behavior [29].”
Zelka, F. Z., & Aytulu, T. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences · doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1676934
리빙랩 기반 저당 식생활 실천 프로그램 개발 및 적용: 중재연구
Kim, J.-H., Kyung, M.-S., & Choi, S. K. (2024) · Korean Journal of Community Nutrition · doi:10.5720/kjcn.2024.00318
Nutrition Education pada Alpha Generation untuk Mencapai Tumbuh Kembang Optimal
Sholikah, M., Dewi, M. K., Indasah, I., Rofiah, R. T., Rahayu, R., & Azizah, F. (2023) · Jurnal Multidisiplin West Science · doi:10.58812/jmws.v2i01.2992
“Ketidaksinkronan antara pengetahuan dan perilaku ini menjadi salah satu tantangan besar dalam pendidikan gizi (Collado-Soler et al., 2023; Siddika & Chakraborty, 2024).”
Eating habits of primary school teachers (grades 1-4) in Serbia: A pilot study
Petrović, O., Ristić-Medić, D., Žuža, M. G., Vučić, V., & Petrović, S. (2025) · Hrana i ishrana · doi:10.5937/hraish2502017p
- Authors
- Collado-Soler, R., Alférez-Pastor, M., Torres, F. L., Trigueros, R., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., & Navarro, N.
- Affiliations
- Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
- University of Almería (ES)
- Universidad Nebrija (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Trigueros, Rubén
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-20
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 541
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9921877
- OpenAlex
- W4317528974
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repositorio de Patentes de la Universidad de Almería (Universidad de Almería) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Keywords
- nutrition intervention programs, childhood obesity, childhood overweight, school-based intervention, healthy eating habits, body mass index, elementary school students, health education
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Healthy, Child, Diet, Educational Status, Humans, Schools, Pediatric Obesity
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