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Athletes Can Benefit from Increased Intake of EPA and DHA—Evaluating the Evidence

Tomczyk, Maja, Heileson, Jeffery L., Babiarz, Mirosław, Calder, Philip C.·2023·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu15234925
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Abstract

Fatty fish, which include mackerel, herring, salmon and sardines, and certain species of algae (e.g., Schizochytrium sp., Crytthecodiniumcohnii and Phaeodactylumtricornutum) are the only naturally rich sources of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are the most biologically active members of the n-3 PUFA family. Limited dietary sources and fluctuating content of EPA and DHA in fish raise concerns about the status of EPA and DHA among athletes, as confirmed in a number of studies. The beneficial effects of EPA and DHA include controlling inflammation, supporting nervous system function, maintaining muscle mass after injury and improving training adaptation. Due to their inadequate intake and beneficial health-promoting effects, athletes might wish to consider using supplements that provide EPA and DHA. Here, we provide an overview of the effects of EPA and DHA that are relevant to athletes and discuss the pros and cons of supplements as a source of EPA and DHA for athletes.

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Metadata

Authors
Tomczyk, M., Heileson, J. L., Babiarz, M., & Calder, P. C.
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-11-26
Volume
15
Issue
23
Pages
4925
ISSN
2072-6643
DOI
10.3390/nu15234925
Cited by
32
References
14
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Athletes Can Benefit from Increased Intake of EPA and DHA—Evaluating the Evidence. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/nu15234925
The paper
Tomczyk, M., Heileson, J. L., Babiarz, M., & Calder, P. C. (2023). Athletes Can Benefit from Increased Intake of EPA and DHA—Evaluating the Evidence. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234925

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.