Weight Categories, Trajectories, Eating Behavior, and Metabolic Consequences during Pregnancy and Postpartum in Women with GDM
Open accessAbstract
Pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for adverse outcomes, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study investigated weight trajectories, eating behaviors, and metabolic consequences in women with GDM during pregnancy and postpartum according to pre-pregnancy BMI. We prospectively included 464 women with GDM. Intuitive eating (Intuitive Eating Scale-2 questionnaire), gestational weight gain (GWG), postpartum weight retention (PPWR) at 6–8 weeks and 1-year postpartum, and glucose intolerance (prediabetes and diabetes) at 1-year were assessed. Women with obesity (WOB) had lower GWG but gained more weight in the postpartum (p < 0.0001). PPWR at 1-year did not differ across BMI categories (p = 0.63), whereas postpartum weight loss was most pronounced in women with normal weight (p < 0.0001), and within this category, in their lowest tertile (p < 0.05). Intuitive eating was not linked to perinatal weight changes but differed among BMI categories. PPWR predicted a 2.5-fold increased risk of glucose intolerance at 1-year independent of pre-pregnancy BMI (p < 0.001), and the adverse metabolic impact of PPWR was most pronounced in WOB with odds of increased risk of glucose intolerance 8.9 times higher (95% CI 2.956;26.968). These findings suggest an adaptive capacity to relatively rapid weight changes in the perinatal period that is less present with higher BMI.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Postpartum weight retention at 1 year post-delivery increases the risk of glucose intolerance by 2.5-fold, independently of pre-pregnancy BMI (95% CI 1.46, 3.68).
“Postpartum weight retention at 1 year post-delivery further increases the risk of glucose intolerance by 2.5-fold, independently of pre-pregnancy BMI (95% CI 1.46, 3.68) [40].”
From Medical Nutrition Therapy for Women with Gestational Diabetes: Current Practice and Future Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results report that, among women with gestational diabetes, postpartum weight retention at 1 year was associated with a 2.47-fold higher risk of glucose intolerance, independent of age and pre-pregnancy BMI. This supports the rounded 2.5-fold estimate, but the reported 95% CI is 1.5–3.9, not 1.46–3.68. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1848 · Cited by 5,390 · see citing works
Metzger, B. E., Gabbe, S. G., Persson, B., Lowe, L. P., Dyer, A. R., Oats, J. J. N., & Buchanan, T. A. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0719 · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works
The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Plows, J. F., Stanley, J. L., Baker, P. N., Reynolds, C. M., & Vickers, M. H. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19113342 · Cited by 1,874 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the perinatal period, pre-pregnancy overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m 2 ) and obesity ( ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) are associated with adverse outcomes for the mother and the offspring [5], including, for the mother, an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) [6].”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes
Hamman, R. F., Wing, R. R., Edelstein, S. L., Lachin, J. M., Bray, G. A., Delahanty, L., Hoskin, M., Kriska, A. M., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Pi-Sunyer, X., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0560 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Vounzoulaki, E., Khunti, K., Abner, S. C., Tan, B. K., Davies, M. J., & Gillies, C. L. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m1361 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine
Denollet, J., Gellman, M. D., & Turner, J. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Tylka, T. L., & Diest, A. M. K. V. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030893 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Association of Gestational Weight Gain With Adverse Maternal and Infant Outcomes
LifeCycle Project-Maternal Obesity and Childhood Outcomes Study Group, Voerman, E., Santos, S., Inskip, H. M., Amiano, P., Barros, H., Charles, M.-A. A., Chatzi, L., Chrousos, G. P., Corpeleijn, E., et al. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.3820 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Gestational Weight Gain and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Hedderson, M. M., Gunderson, E. P., & Ferrara, A. (2010) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e3181cfce4f · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Development and psychometric evaluation of a measure of intuitive eating.
Tylka, T. L. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.226 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Kominiarek, M. A., & Peaceman, A. M. (2017) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.040 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Parrettini, S., Caroli, A., & Torlone, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.611929 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D. M., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s015 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Resistance and susceptibility to weight gain: Individual variability in response to a high-fat diet
Blundell, J. E., Stubbs, R. J., Golding, C., Croden, F., Alam, R., Whybrow, S., LENOURY, J., & LAWTON, C. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.052 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Baz, B., Riveline, J.-P., & Gautier, J.-F. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-0378 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Ke, R., Yu, K., Han, X., Szeto, I. M., Qin, X., Wang, J., Ning, Y., Wang, P., & Ma, D. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014002523 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Pregnancy as a window to future health: Excessive gestational weight gain and obesity
Gilmore, L. A., Klempel-Donchenko, M., & Redman, L. M. (2015) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2015.05.009 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Newby, P. K. (2007) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00112.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Kullmann, S., Heni, M., Veit, R., Scheffler, K., Machann, J., Häring, H.-U., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-2319 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Schoenefeld, S. J., & Webb, J. B. (2013) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.09.001 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Schmitz, J., Evers, N., Awazawa, M., Nicholls, H. T., Brönneke, H. S., Dietrich, A., Mauer, J., Blüher, M., & Brüning, J. C. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.12.001 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Does the pattern of postpartum weight change differ according to pregravid body size?
Gunderson, E. P., Abrams, B. F., & Selvin, S. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801631 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Brain insulin sensitivity is linked to adiposity and body fat distribution
Kullmann, S., Valenta, V., Wagner, R., Tschritter, O., Machann, J., Häring, H.-U., Preissl, H., Fritsche, A., & Heni, M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15686-y · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Energy compensation and adiposity in humans
Careau, V., Halsey, L. G., Pontzer, H., Ainslie, P. N., Andersen, L. F., Anderson, L. J., Arab, L., Baddou, I., Bedu-Addo, K., Blaak, E. E., et al. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.016 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Camilleri, G. M., Méjean, C., Bellisle, F., Andreeva, V. A., Sautron, V., Herçberg, S., & Péneau, S. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.009 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Cardiometabolic Implications of Postpartum Weight Changes in the First Year After Delivery
Kew, S., Ye, C., Hanley, A. J., Connelly, P. W., Sermer, M., Zinman, B., & Retnakaran, R. R. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-0087 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Childbearing, Stress and Obesity Disparities in Women: A Public Health Perspective
Davis, E. M., Stange, K. C., & Horwitz, R. I. (2010) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-010-0712-6 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The biology of human overfeeding: A systematic review
Bray, G. A., & Bouchard, C. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13040 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Leonard, S. A., Rasmussen, K. M., King, J. C., & Abrams, B. F. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.158683 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Determinants of excessive gestational weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhou, M., Peng, X., Yi, H., Tang, S., & You, H. (2022) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-022-00864-9 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Makama, M., Skouteris, H., Moran, L., & Lim, S. S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10091891 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Evidence for a Non-leptin System that Defends against Weight Gain in Overfeeding
Ravussin, Y., Edwin, E. A., Gallop, M. R., Xu, L., Bartolomé, A., Kraakman, M. J., LeDuc, C. A., & Ferrante, A. W. (2018) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.029 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationDakin, C. A., Beaulieu, K., Hopkins, M., Gibbons, C., Finlayson, G., & Stubbs, R. J. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13515 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wong, T., Barnes, R. A., Ross, G. P., Cheung, N. W., & Flack, J. R. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4173-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Saunders, J. F., Nichols‐Lopez, K., & Frazier, L. D. (2017) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2017.11.003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Influence of Portion Size and Timing of Meals on Weight Balance and Obesity
Berg, C., & Forslund, H. B. (2015) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-015-0138-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Abebe, D., von Soest, T., Holle, A. F. V., Zerwas, S. C., Torgersen, L., & Bulik, C. M. (2014) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1593-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fan, Y., Li, W., Liu, H., Wang, L., Zhang, S., Li, W., Liu, H., Leng, J., Shen, Y., Tuomilehto, J. O., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107828 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Quansah, D. Y., Gilbert, L., Gross, J., Horsch, A., & Puder, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319869814 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationQuansah, D. Y., Gross, J., Gilbert, L., Helbling, C., Horsch, A., & Puder, J. J. (2019) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101304 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationPower, M. L., Lott, M. L., Mackeen, A. D., DiBari, J., & Schulkin, J. A. (2018) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1883-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ha, A. V. V., Zhao, Y., Pham, N. M., Nguyen, C. L., Nguyen, P. T. H., Chu, T. K., Tang, H., Binns, C. W., & Lee, A. H. (2019) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2019.02.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sha, T., Cheng, G., Li, C., Gao, X. Y., Li, L., Chen, C., & Yan, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16224510 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Soria‐Contreras, D. C., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Aris, I. M., Perng, W., Switkowski, K. M., Téllez‐Rojo, M. M., Valdivia, B. T., López‐Ridaura, R., & Oken, E. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa104 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zheng, Q.-X., Wang, H., Jiang, X., Lin, Y., Liu, G., Pan, M., Ge, L., Chen, X.-Q., Wu, J.-L., Zhang, X., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06733-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Inappropriate gestational weight gain impact on maternofetal outcomes in gestational diabetes
Monteiro, S. S., Santos, T., Fonseca, L., Saraiva, M., Pichel, F., Pinto, C., Pereira, M. T., Vilaverde, J., Almeida, M. C., & Dores, J. M. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2159063 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The association between gestational weight gain and substantial weight retention 1-year postpartum
He, X.-J., Hu, C., Chen, L., Wang, Q., & Qin, F. (2014) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-014-3235-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lund, J. T., & Clemmensen, C. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0229 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pregnancy Weight Gain, Postpartum Weight Retention, and Obesity
Bello, J. K., Bauer, V., Plunkett, B. A., Poston, L., Solomonides, A. E., & Endres, L. K. (2016) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-016-0483-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Campos, M. B., Menezes, I. H. C. F., Peixoto, M. D. R. G., & Schincaglia, R. M. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.06.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Quansah, D. Y., Gross, J., Gilbert, L., Arhab, A., Horsch, A., & Puder, J. J. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108238 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationIntuitive eating and gestational weight gain
Paterson, H., Treharne, G. J., Horwath, C. C., Haszard, J. J., Herbison, P., & Hay‐Smith, J. (2019) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101311 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Postpartum Weight Retention in Primiparous Women and Weight Outcomes in Their Offspring
Gallagher, K., Ralph, J., Petros, T. V., Qualls, C., Leeman, L. M., & Rogers, R. G. (2019) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.12986 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Minschart, C., Lammertyn, A., Crombrugge, P. V., Moyson, C., Verhaeghe, J., Vandeginste, S., Verlaenen, H., Vercammen, C., Maes, T., Dufraimont, E., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac599 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Neue Erkenntnisse zur Diagnostik und Management des Gestationsdiabetes
Lehmann, R., Troendle, & Brändle (2009) · Therapeutische Umschau · doi:10.1024/0040-5930.66.10.695 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Weight retention and glucose intolerance in early postpartum after gestational diabetes
Minschart, C., Myngheer, N., Maes, T., Block, C. E. M. D., Pottelbergh, I. V., Abrams, P. J., Vinck, W. J., Leuridan, L., Driessens, S., Mathieu, C., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad053 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Quansah, D. Y., Schenk, S., Gilbert, L., Arhab, A., Gross, J., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Rodríguez, E. G., Hans, D. B., Horsch, A., & Puder, J. J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204272 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMuñoz‐Manrique, C., Valdivia, B. T., Hernández‐Cordero, S., Cantoral, A., Deierlein, A. L., Colicino, E., Niedzwiecki, M. M., Wright, R. O., Baccarelli, A., & Téllez‐Rojo, M. M. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05154-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pereira, L. C. R., Elliott, S. A., McCargar, L. J., Bell, R. C., Robson, P. J., Prado, C. M. M., & the ENRICH Study Team (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0809 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Arditi, C., Puder, J. J., Vial, Y., Hagon-Traub, I., & Burnand, B. (2018) · IRIS · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cheong, L., Law, L. S.-C., Tan, L. Y. L., Amal, A. A.-A., Khoo, C. M., & Eng, P. C. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071210 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Xiao, Y., Shi, Y., Ni, Y., Ni, M., Yang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1496447 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shen, M., Shi, L., Xing, M., Jiang, H., Ma, Y., Ma, Y., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3839 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Liu, J., Liu, L., Pang, X., & Liu, W. (2025) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-025-04271-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ayvaz, B. Ç., Akın, P., & Gözde, E. D. E. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-08514-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kim, K.-S., Kim, S.-K., & Cho, Y.-W. (2026) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2025.2852 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abdulsalam, R., Jebb, S. A., Michalopoulou, M., Piernas, C., Stevens, R., & Astbury, N. M. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70994 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gözde, E. D. E., Ercan, Ş. N., Akın, P., Sayın, Y., BAYGÜL, G. G., Bodur, G. Ş., & Bakan, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9442282/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Weight management in women of reproductive age
DiGiorno, A., & Morselli, L. L. (2026) · Obesity and Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/obendo/wjag007
Optimizing the Postpartum Period to Support Lifelong Health for Women with Obesity
Hawley, N. L., Rossillo, M., Chundury, A., McElfish, P. A., Adrien, N., & Bengtson, A. M. (2026) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-026-00748-x
- Authors
- Schenk, S., Ravussin, Y., Lacroix, A., Quansah, D. Y., & Puder, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- University of Fribourg (CH)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Puder, Jardena J.
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-02-18
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 560
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10892465
- OpenAlex
- W4391967860
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF 32003B_176119)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy obesity, pre-pregnancy overweight, weight trajectories, gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention, intuitive eating, dietary habits, impaired glucose tolerance, prediabetes, postpartum weight loss, maternal metabolism, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Gestational Weight Gain, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Obesity, Pregnancy, Body Mass Index, Diabetes, Gestational, Glucose Intolerance, Postpartum Period
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
