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Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications
Open accessAbstract
(1) Background: Since older adults are more susceptible to dehydration and there is a lack of information on older athletes, this study observed a group of 12 male padel players in this age group (70.42 ± 3.50 years) to characterize their hydration habits, physiological demands, and psychological responses before and during a 90 min padel training (PT). (2) Methods: After approval from the Ethics Committee (CE/FCDEF-UC/00022023) and the provision of signed informed consent, participants’ body mass, height, waist and hip circumferences, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio were measured. Habitual fluid intake was monitored by diary from the evening until before the PT; the subjects completed a Profile of Mood States questionnaire (POMS) and a satiety scale (SLIM). To assess hydration levels at different moments, we used a portable osmometer and an eight-point urine color chart and weighed the participants immediately before and after the PT. During the PT, heart rate (HR) and hydration were monitored. After the PT, subjects completed another POMS and SLIM. (3) Results: Subjects trained at 73.2 ± 12.3% of their maximum HR, with brief peaks at the anaerobic threshold or higher (130.00 ± 18.78 bpm). The mean urine osmolality indicated normal hydration or minimal dehydration. However, the urine color values indicated dehydration after the training. Subjects drank 438 mL of liquids at night, 333 mL before PT, and 900 mL during the PT, with a good repartition of the liquids. POMS and SLIM were not affected by the training. (4) Conclusions: Older male padel athletes achieved challenging yet safe training, staying within healthy intensity zones; their hydration patterns nearly met the recommendations for exercise and should be slightly increased.
Checked 2026-11-14 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
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TL;DR
This observational case study examined 12 male federated padel players aged over 65 during a 90-min training session to characterize hydration habits, physiological demands, and psychological responses. Training was predominantly moderate aerobic exercise, hydration indices mostly suggested normal/minimal dehydration but post-training urine color indicated dehydration, and the authors conclude older male padel athletes trained safely and should slightly increase fluid intake around exercise.
Key findings
- In 12 male padel players (70.42 ± 3.50 years), the 90-min session averaged 73.17 ± 12.31% HRmax (107.00 ± 19.11 bpm), with peaks of 130.00 ± 18.78 bpm (88.50 ± 11.69% HRmax); time was 16.3% very light, 29.2% light, 30.3% moderate, 15% high, and 5.5% maximum exertion.
- Mean urine osmolality at night, morning, pre-training, and post-training was 797.50, 778.33, 772.50, and 800.00 mOsm/kg, with no significant differences; mean urine color was 2.7, 2.9, 2.8, and 3.8 AU, with significant post-training increases indicating dehydration. Body mass decreased significantly during training (390 g; 0.49%).
- Fluid intake averaged 438 mL at night, 333 mL before training, and 900 ± 283 mL during the 90-min session (~600 mL/h; ~151 mL/15 min), with no significant differences in water consumed at 30, 60, and 90 min. Overall mood disturbance (POMS) and satiety (SLIM) were not significantly affected, but hostility decreased (Z = −2.032, p = 0.042) and fatigue increased from 3.42 ± 4.76 to 6.67 ± 4.62 (Z = −2.255, p = 0.024).
Methods
- Design/sample: observational case study with a convenience sample of 12 healthy, trained male padel players over 65 (mean age 70.42 ± 3.50 years; 4.33 ± 2.50 h weekly exercise) from the Portuguese Padel Federation; no control group. Ethics approval CE/FCDEF-UC/00022023 and signed informed consent were obtained.
- Protocol: participants completed pre-training POMS and SLIM questionnaires, provided urine, had body mass measured, and wore HR monitors; they then performed a 90-min padel training session (15-min warm-up plus 75 min of practice matches in 3 sets with rest), drinking water ad libitum from individual 1.5 L bottles. Fluid intake was recorded at three points during training; post-training urine, body mass, POMS, and SLIM were collected.
- Measures/analysis: hydration was assessed by portable osmometer, eight-point urine color chart, and pre/post body mass; HR was monitored continuously, with HRmax estimated as 220 − age. POMS (Portuguese version) and SLIM satiety scale were used. Non-parametric analyses in SPSS 26 included Shapiro–Wilk, Friedman with Bonferroni correction, Wilcoxon, Spearman correlations, covariance analysis, and effect sizes (p ≤ 0.05).
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: small sample (n = 12) and no female participants; no measurement of stamina levels or playing history; use of only simple hydration instruments, without blood, 24-h urine, saliva, or bioimpedance; no nutritional/food diary beyond hydration close to training; no post-training rehydration assessment; possible over- or underestimation from participant descriptions.
- Evident from the text: the convenience sample and absence of a control group limit generalizability; HRmax was estimated by the 220 − age equation rather than measured directly; fluid intake relied partly on self-report/diary and bottle-remaining measurements, which may introduce measurement error.
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Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 0 Not valid · 34 Not checked · 98 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average heart rate recovery over one minute during the game was 13.25 ± 8.70 bpm.”
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 3. Results > 3.2. Characterization of Padel Training Effort
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amounts of water ingested at 30, 60, and 90 min of training did not show statistically significant differences (Friedman test: Chi-square = 1.850, p = 0.397).”
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 3. Results > 3.4. Liquid Intake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that between liquid intake from waking until breakfast and pre-training urine osmolality (Spearman test: r = −0.389, p = 0.211 ns, with a covariance of −32.05, and moderate effect)”
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 3. Results > 3.4. Liquid Intake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 900 mL during the training”
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 3. Results > 3.4. Liquid Intake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a statistically significant increase in fatigue (Wilcoxon test: Z = −2.255, p = 0.024, large size effect)”
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 3. Results > 3.6. Profile of Mood States
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = -0.118reported p = .906 · recomputed p = .906
“Z = −0.118, p = .906”
- Consistentz = -2.032reported p = .042 · recomputed p = .042
“Z = −2.032, p = .042”
- Consistentz = -2.255reported p = .024 · recomputed p = .024
“Z = −2.255, p = .024”
- Consistentz = -2.405reported p = .016 · recomputed p = .016
“Z = −2.405, p = .016”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 4. Discussion > 4.3. Hydration Evolution
“The correlations between urine osmolalities and urine color were statistically significant, with mostly large effects, indicating that urine color is an efficient, easy-to-use, and cost-effective alternative for monitoring hydration levels in our population of older padel players.”
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 3. Results > 3.3. Hydration Levels
“at night (r = 0.372, p = 0.234 ns, with a covariance of 90, and moderate effect), in the morning (r = 0.618, p = 0.032, with a covariance of 132.57, and large effect), pre-training (r = 0.540, p = 0.07 ns, with a covariance of 89.77, and large effect), and post-training (r = 0.481, p = 0.113 ns, with a covariance of 173.64, and moderate effect).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Subjects and Training Characteristics
“The study sample consisted of trained male seniors with an average age of 73.17 ± 12.31 years.”
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 3. Results > 3.1. Sample Characterization
“The study sample consisted of 12 trained older male subjects, engaging in 4.33 ± 2.50 h of weekly exercise, with a mean age of 70.42 ± 3.50 years”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 3. Results > 3.1. Sample Characterization
“a waist-to-height ratio of 58.29 ± 3.66.”
§ Analysis of Hydration Habits Before and During a Specific Training Session in Male Padel Athletes Aged over 65: Physiological and Psychological Implications > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.4. Measures
“Based on these measurements, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²), waist-to-hip ratio (cm/cm), and waist-to-height ratio (cm/cm) were calculated.”
Citations
Cites
Sontrop, J. M., Dixon, S. N., Garg, A. X., Buendia-Jimenez, I., Dohein, O., Huang, S.-H. S., & Clark, W. F. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000350377 · Cited by 5,871
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ACSM Position Stand: Exercise and Fluid Replacement
Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay, L. C., & Sherman, W. M. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00045 · Cited by 1,965
Exercise and Fluid Replacement
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597 · Cited by 1,497
Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006 · Cited by 1,359 · cited 1×
“For older athletes, the recommended fluid intake is approximately 177 mL every 15 min [47], while the general athletic population is advised to consume 100–200 mL every 15 min [51,58].”
BackgroundWater as an essential nutrient: the physiological basis of hydration
Jéquier, E., & Constant, F. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.111 · Cited by 737
American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: Exercise and Fluid Replacement
Shephard, R. J. (2007) · Yearbook of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0162-0908(08)70206-x · Cited by 667
Urinary Indices of Hydration Status
Armstrong, L. E., Maresh, C. M., Castellani, J. W., Bergeron, M. F., Kenefick, R. W., LaGasse, K. E., & Riebe, D. (1994) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.4.3.265 · Cited by 548
ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics
Volkert, D., Beck, A. M., Cederholm, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Hooper, L., Kiesswetter, E., Maggio, M., Raynaud-Simon, A., Sieber, C., Sobotka, L., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.024 · Cited by 516 · cited 1×
“Social interaction and offering drinks based on personal preferences are key factors in encouraging fluid intake in older adults [56].”
BackgroundWater-loss dehydration and aging
Hooper, L., Bunn, D., Jimoh, F. O., & Fairweather-Tait, S. J. (2014) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2013.11.009 · Cited by 283
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Borges, T. (2017). Efeitos do Consumo Controlado de Hidratos de Carbono nos Níveis de Glicose Intersticial: Estudo Piloto com o Sistema de Monitorização Flash de Glicose (SMFG). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidade do Porto].
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, Sage Publications. [4th ed.].
- American College of Sports Medicine (2018). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Wolters Kluwer. [10th ed.].
Cited by
Hydration Strategies in Older Adults
Pence, J., Davis, A., Allen-Gregory, E., & Bloomer, R. J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17142256 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Lopes, A. J., Campos, M. J., Rosado, F., Rama, L., Ribeiro, A. S., Martinho, D., Teixeira, A., & Massart, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Corresponding author
- Campos, Maria João
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-10-16
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 3513
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11510502
- OpenAlex
- W4403449680
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 0.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDP/04213/2020, https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04213/2020, 10.54499)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- hydration habits, older athletes, padel, dehydration, fluid intake, urine osmolality, urine color, heart rate, exercise intensity, mood states, satiety
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Aged, Dehydration, Drinking, Drinking Behavior, Habits, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Athletes
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