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Cited by 13Electrochemical sensors and biosensorsBiosensors and Analytical DetectionAnalytical Chemistry and Sensors

Use of Biosensors within the Oral Environment for Systemic Health Monitoring—A Systematic Review

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Archer, Natalie, Ladan, Sa’ada, Lancashire, Henry T., Petridis, Haralampos·2024·Oral
DOI 10.3390/oral4020012
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Abstract

Scientific advances in biosensor technology are leading to the potential of wearable biosensors for salivary biomarker detection. This review aims to identify the current status of intraoral biosensor technology that can be used to monitor systemic diseases. A total of 11 studies were identified for inclusion, which included nine different devices, including modified mouthguards, retainers, toothbrushes, and dental floss. Out of the 11 studies, 8 studied continuous biomarker monitoring, and the remaining 3 were point-of-care applications. A total of seven biomarkers were studied, six of which investigated the intraoral detection of salivary glucose levels using glucose oxidase enzyme. All the sensors demonstrated excellent sensitivity (minimum R = 0.9928) and selectivity. The study designs were proof of concept, with five studies including in vivo components. We concluded that while there are established links between salivary biomarkers and systemic health, there is a lack of mature intraoral biosensor research. Refinement of biosensor design and data analysis is required to improve patient acceptability by promoting more discrete, real-time, low-cost, and wireless devices. Further research that utilises the biosensor technology in large controlled clinical trials will be required to confirm clinical applicability before intraoral biosensor technology can be integrated into routine health monitoring.

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  • Urease and glucose oxidase co-immobilized on the sensing interface allow simultaneous acquisition of urea hydrolysis rates and lactic acid production rates by differential potentiometry.

    “In parallel, urease and glucose oxidase are co-immobilized on the sensing interface, allowing simultaneous acquisition of urea hydrolysis rates and lactic acid production rates by differential potentiometry.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [44]

    The Glucose section identifies glucose oxidase for glucose and lactate oxidase for lactate, not a urease–glucose oxidase pair. The study table (under 5. Conclusions) describes the glucose and lactate sensors as amperometric, not differential-potentiometric. It does not report simultaneous measurement of urea hydrolysis and lactic acid production rates. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • Buffer systems, artificial saliva, and selected saliva/serum samples show that PDA-based biosensing platforms can achieve improved biomolecule immobilization, signal transduction, fluorescence/electrochemical/SERS detection, and salivary biomarker analysis.

    “Buffer systems, artificial saliva, and selected saliva/serum samples show improved biomolecule immobilization, signal transduction, fluorescence/electrochemical/SERS detection, and salivary biomarker analysis.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [44]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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  • When integrated with disposable microfluidic chambers, the PDA-modified screen-printed carbon electrode platform enables on-site quantification of bacterial load.

    “When integrated with disposable microfluidic chambers, this platform enables on-site quantification of bacterial load.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [44]

    Section 3.2 describes microfluidic channels in a pacifier used for saliva collection, while the sensor table in Section 5 lists glucose and other chemical biomarkers. Searches for the PDA-modified electrode platform, disposable microfluidic chambers, and bacterial-load quantification found no passage addressing the claimed combination or capability. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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  • Based on these measurements, the time required for the local pH to reach the critical threshold of 5.5 can be estimated, providing quantitative support for individualized caries risk assessment and personalized fluoride intervention strategies.

    “Based on these measurements, the time required for the local pH to reach the critical threshold of 5.5 can be estimated, thereby providing quantitative support for individualized caries risk assessment and personalized fluoride intervention strategies.44,93,94”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [44]

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Authors
Archer, N., Ladan, S., Lancashire, H. T., & Petridis, H.
Affiliations
  • University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
  • University College London (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Oral
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-03-30
Volume
4
Issue
2
Pages
148-162
ISSN
2673-6373 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/oral4020012
OpenAlex
W4393391797
Cited by
13
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 7
FWCI
0.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Oral (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
Keywords
salivary biomarkers, wearable biosensors, glucose oxidase, point-of-care testing, continuous biomarker monitoring, toothbrushes, dental floss, wireless devices

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