The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation
Open accessAbstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients sometimes experience long-term symptoms following resolution of acute disease, including fatigue, brain fog, and rashes. Collectively these have become known as long COVID. Our aim was to first determine long COVID prevalence in 185 randomly surveyed COVID-19 patients and, subsequently, to determine if there was an association between occurrence of long COVID symptoms and reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in 68 COVID-19 patients recruited from those surveyed. We found the prevalence of long COVID symptoms to be 30.3% (56/185), which included 4 initially asymptomatic COVID-19 patients who later developed long COVID symptoms. Next, we found that 66.7% (20/30) of long COVID subjects versus 10% (2/20) of control subjects in our primary study group were positive for EBV reactivation based on positive titers for EBV early antigen-diffuse (EA-D) IgG or EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM. The difference was significant (p < 0.001, Fisher’s exact test). A similar ratio was observed in a secondary group of 18 subjects 21–90 days after testing positive for COVID-19, indicating reactivation may occur soon after or concurrently with COVID-19 infection. These findings suggest that many long COVID symptoms may not be a direct result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but may be the result of COVID-19 inflammation-induced EBV reactivation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study
Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., Kang, L., Guo, L., Liu, M., Zhou, X., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32656-8 · Cited by 4,084
RetractedManagement of post-acute covid-19 in primary care
Greenhalgh, T., Knight, M., A’Court, C., Buxton, M., & Husain, L. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3026 · Cited by 1,689
Garrigues, E., Janvier, P., Kherabi, Y., Le Bot, A., Hamon, A., Gouze, H., Doucet, L., Berkani, S., Oliosi, E., Mallart, E., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029 · Cited by 1,157
How and why patients made Long Covid
Callard, F., & Perego, E. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426 · Cited by 924
Sequelae in Adults at 6 Months After COVID-19 Infection
Logue, J. K., Franko, N. M., McCulloch, D. J., McDonald, D., Magedson, A., Wolf, C. R., & Chu, H. Y. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0830 · Cited by 880
Epstein–Barr virus: more than 50 years old and still providing surprises
Young, L. S., Yap, L. F., & Murray, P. G. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc.2016.92 · Cited by 856
Lechien, J. R., Chiesa‐Estomba, C. M., Place, S., Van Laethem, Y., Cabaraux, P., Mat, Q., Huet, K., Plzak, J., Horoi, M., Hans, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13089 · Cited by 800
Analysis of Plasma Epstein–Barr Virus DNA to Screen for Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Chan, K. C. A., Woo, J. K. S., King, A., Zee, B. C. Y., Lam, W. K. J., Chan, S. L., Chu, S. W. I., Mak, C., Tse, I. O. L., Leung, S. Y. M., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1701717 · Cited by 781
Persisting Illness and Fatigue in Adults with Evidence of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
STRAUS, S. E., TOSATO, G., ARMSTRONG, G., LAWLEY, T., PREBLE, O. T., HENLE, W., DAVEY, R., PEARSON, G., EPSTEIN, J., BRUS, I., et al. (1985) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-102-1-7 · Cited by 541
Progress and Problems in Understanding and Managing Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Odumade, O. A., Hogquist, K. A., & Balfour, H. H. (2011) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00044-10 · Cited by 458
Cited by
Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae
Su, Y., Yuan, D., Chen, D. G., Ng, R. H., Wang, K., Choi, J., Li, S., Hong, S., Zhang, R., Xie, J., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.014 · Cited by 1,156
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842
The neurobiology of long COVID
Monje, M., & Iwasaki, A. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.006 · Cited by 415
Yin, K., Peluso, M. J., Luo, X., Thomas, R., Shin, M.-G., Neidleman, J., Andrew, A., Young, K. C., Ma, T., Hoh, R., et al. (2024) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01724-6 · Cited by 394
Gluckman, T. J., Bhave, N. M., Allen, L. A., Chung, E. H., Spatz, E. S., Ammirati, E., Baggish, A. L., Bozkurt, B., Cornwell, W. K., Harmon, K. G., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.003 · Cited by 389
Metadata
- Authors
- Gold, J. E., Okyay, R. A., Licht, W. E., & Hurley, D. J.
- Venue
- Pathogens
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-06-17
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 763
- ISSN
- 2076-0817 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3171906465
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 35
- FWCI
- 28.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/pathogens10060763
- The paper
- Gold, J. E., Okyay, R. A., Licht, W. E., & Hurley, D. J. (2021). Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation. Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060763
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
