The neurobiology of long COVID
Open accessAbstract
Persistent neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms affect a substantial fraction of people after COVID-19 and represent a major component of the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, also known as long COVID. Here, we review what is understood about the pathobiology of post-acute COVID-19 impact on the CNS and discuss possible neurobiological underpinnings of the cognitive symptoms affecting COVID-19 survivors. We propose the chief mechanisms that may contribute to this emerging neurological health crisis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Acute and long COVID encompass a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms termed 'brain fog', as seen by cognitive impairment phenotypes like slower information processing speed and worse executive function.
“Acute and long COVID encompass a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms termed ‘brain fog’, as seen by cognitive impairment phenotypes like slower information processing speed and worse executive function [5], reflecting AD-like cognitive dysfunction.”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
Liddelow, S. A., Guttenplan, K. A., Clarke, L. E., Bennett, F. C., Bohlen, C. J., Schirmer, L., Bennett, M. L., Münch, A. E., Chung, W.-S., Peterson, T. C., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21029 · Cited by 7,971 · see citing works
Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China
Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 · Cited by 7,166 · see citing works
A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
Keren-Shaul, H., Spinrad, A., Weiner, A., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Ulland, T. K., David, E., Baruch, K., Lara-Astaiso, D., Toth, B., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · Cited by 5,493 · see citing works
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175 · see citing works
Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner
Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A., & Stevens, B. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 · Cited by 4,089 · see citing works
Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models
Hong, S., Beja-Glasser, V. F., Nfonoyim, B. M., Frouin, A., Li, S., Ramakrishnan, S., Merry, K. M., Shi, Q., Rosenthal, A., Barres, B. A., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad8373 · Cited by 3,343 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Whether this predicted complement-mediated signaling results in aberrantly increased synaptic pruning by microglia, as occurs in Alzheimer’s disease (Hong et al., 2016) and in West Nile virus encephalitis (Vasek et al., 2016; Garber et al., 2019), remains to be determined.”
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates CNS Synapse Elimination
Stevens, B., Allen, N. J., Vazquez, L. E., Howell, G. R., Christopherson, K. S., Nouri, N., Micheva, K. D., Mehalow, A. K., Huberman, A. D., Stafford, B., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.036 · Cited by 3,313 · see citing works
Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact
Davis, H. E., Assaf, G. S., McCorkell, L., Wei, H., Low, R. J., Re'em, Y., Redfield, S., Austin, J. P., & Akrami, A. (2021) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019 · Cited by 2,881 · see citing works
Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness
Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Morandi, A., Thompson, J. L., Pun, B. T., Brummel, N. E., Hughes, C. G., Vasilevskis, E. E., Shintani, A. K., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1301372 · Cited by 2,842 · see citing works
Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection
Helms, J., Kremer, S., Merdji, H., Clere-Jehl, R., Schenck, M., Kummerlen, C., Collange, O., Boulay, C., Fafi-Kremer, S., Ohana, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2008597 · Cited by 2,674 · see citing works
Inflammatory Blockade Restores Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Monje, M. L., Toda, H., & Palmer, T. D. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1088417 · Cited by 2,426 · see citing works
Self-citationSchizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4
Sekar, A., Bialas, A. R., de Rivera, H., Davis, A., Hammond, T. R., Kamitaki, N., Tooley, K., Presumey, J., Baum, M., Van Doren, V., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16549 · Cited by 2,394 · see citing works
Hammond, T. R., Dufort, C., Dissing-Olesen, L., Giera, S., Young, A., Wysoker, A., Walker, A. J., Segel, M., Nemesh, J., Saunders, A., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/406140 · Cited by 2,225 · see citing works
Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity
Cantuti-Castelvetri, L., Ojha, R., Pedro, L. D., Djannatian, M., Franz, J., Kuivanen, S., van der Meer, F., Kallio, K., Kaya, T., Anastasina, M., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd2985 · Cited by 1,925 · see citing works
M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination
Miron, V. E., Boyd, A., Zhao, J.-W., Yuen, T. J., Ruckh, J. M., Shadrach, J. L., van Wijngaarden, P., Wagers, A. J., Williams, A., Franklin, R. J. M., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3469 · Cited by 1,788 · see citing works
The ageing systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function
Villeda, S. A., Luo, J., Mosher, K. I., Zou, B., Britschgi, M., Bieri, G., Stan, T. M., Fainberg, N., Ding, Z., Eggel, A., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10357 · Cited by 1,763 · see citing works
Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-α
Stellwagen, D., & Malenka, R. C. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04671 · Cited by 1,715 · see citing works
Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis
Christopherson, K. S., Ullian, E. M., Stokes, C. C. A., Mullowney, C. E., Hell, J. W., Agah, A., Lawler, J., Mosher, D. F., Bornstein, P., & Barres, B. A. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.020 · Cited by 1,688 · see citing works
Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Gaebler, C., Wang, Z., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Muecksch, F., Finkin, S., Tokuyama, M., Cho, A., Jankovic, M., Schaefer-Babajew, D., Oliveira, T. Y., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w · Cited by 1,674 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank
Douaud, G., Lee, S., Alfaro-Almagro, F., Arthofer, C., Wang, C., McCarthy, P., Lange, F., Andersson, J. L. R., Griffanti, L., Duff, E., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5 · Cited by 1,646 · see citing works
Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain
Ekdahl, C. T., Claasen, J.-H., Bonde, S., Kokaia, Z., & Lindvall, O. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2234031100 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity
Fünfschilling, U., Supplie, L. M., Mahad, D., Boretius, S., Saab, A. S., Edgar, J., Brinkmann, B. G., Kassmann, C. M., Tzvetanova, I. D., Möbius, W., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11007 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Neuronal activity promotes oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination in the mammalian brain
Gibson, E. M., Purger, D., Mount, C. W., Goldstein, A. K., Lin, G. L., Wood, L. S., Inema, I., Miller, S. E., Bieri, G., Zuchero, J. B., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1252304 · Cited by 1,472 · see citing works
Self-citationMeinhardt, J., Radke, J., Dittmayer, C., Franz, J., Thomas, C., Mothes, R., Laue, M., Schneider, J., Brünink, S., Greuel, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5 · Cited by 1,458 · see citing works
Astroglia induce neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells
Song, H., Stevens, C. F., & Gage, F. H. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/417039a · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
Control of Synapse Number by Glia
Ullian, E. M., Sapperstein, S. K., Christopherson, K. S., & Barres, B. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.291.5504.657 · Cited by 1,380 · see citing works
Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series
Matschke, J., Lütgehetmann, M., Hagel, C., Sperhake, J. P., Schröder, A. S., Edler, C., Mushumba, H., Fitzek, A., Allweiss, L., Dandri, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30308-2 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Irradiation induces neural precursor-cell dysfunction
Monje, M. L., Mizumatsu, S., Fike, J. R., & Palmer, T. D. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm749 · Cited by 1,271 · see citing works
Self-citationVaratharaj, A., Thomas, N., Ellul, M. A., Davies, N. W. S., Pollak, T. A., Tenorio, E. L., Sultan, M., Easton, A., Breen, G., Zandi, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30287-x · Cited by 1,246 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As can occur after many infections, rare cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), a monophasic, autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease, have been reported soon after COVID-19 (Parsons et al., 2020; Verriello et al., 2022).”
Motor skill learning requires active central myelination
McKenzie, I. A., Ohayon, D., Li, H., Paes de Faria, J., Emery, B., Tohyama, K., & Richardson, W. D. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1254960 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae
Su, Y., Yuan, D., Chen, D. G., Ng, R. H., Wang, K., Choi, J., Li, S., Hong, S., Zhang, R., Xie, J., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.014 · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson’s disease
Yun, S. P., Kam, T.-I., Panicker, N., Kim, S., Oh, Y., Park, J.-S., Kwon, S.-H., Park, Y. J., Karuppagounder, S. S., Park, H., et al. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0051-5 · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works
Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 in human and mouse brain
Song, E., Zhang, C., Israelow, B., Lu-Culligan, A., Prado, A. V., Skriabine, S., Lu, P., Weizman, O.-E., Liu, F., Dai, Y., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.169946 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Self-citationDiverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19
Wang, E. Y., Mao, T., Klein, J., Dai, Y., Huck, J. D., Jaycox, J. R., Liu, F., Zhou, T., Israelow, B., Wong, P., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03631-y · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Self-citationNegative feedback control of neuronal activity by microglia
Badimon, A., Strasburger, H. J., Ayata, P., Chen, X., Nair, A., Ikegami, A., Hwang, P., Chan, A. T., Graves, S. M., Uweru, J. O., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2777-8 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Butovsky, O., Ziv, Y., Schwartz, A., Landa, G., Talpalar, A. E., Pluchino, S., Martino, G., & Schwartz, M. (2006) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2005.10.006 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection
Al-Aly, Z., Bowe, B., & Xie, Y. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01840-0 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Antonelli, M., Penfold, R. S., Merino, J., Sudre, C. H., Molteni, E., Berry, S., Canas, L. S., Graham, M. S., Klaser, K., Modat, M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00460-6 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling
Klein, J., Wood, J., Jaycox, J. R., Dhodapkar, R. M., Lu, P., Gehlhausen, J. R., Tabachnikova, A., Greene, K., TABACOF, L. R., Malik, A. A., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06651-y · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Self-citationAstrocyte glypicans 4 and 6 promote formation of excitatory synapses via GluA1 AMPA receptors
Allen, N. J., Bennett, M. L., Foo, L. C., Wang, G. X., Chakraborty, C., Smith, S. J., & Barres, B. A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11059 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Taquet, M., Sillett, R., Zhu, L., Mendel, J., Camplisson, I., Dercon, Q., & Harrison, P. J. (2022) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00260-7 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Nasserie, T., Hittle, M., & Goodman, S. N. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
The Lymphatic Vasculature in the 21st Century: Novel Functional Roles in Homeostasis and Disease
Oliver, G. C., Kipnis, J., Randolph, G. J., & Harvey, N. L. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.039 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
A complement–microglial axis drives synapse loss during virus-induced memory impairment
Vasek, M. J., Garber, C., Dorsey, D., Durrant, D. M., Bollman, B., Soung, A., Yu, J., Perez-Torres, C., Frouin, A., Wilton, D. K., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18283 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Evidence for saltatory conduction in peripheral myelinated nerve fibres
Huxley, A. F., & Stämpeli, R. (1949) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004335 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Dysregulation of brain and choroid plexus cell types in severe COVID-19
Yang, A. C., Kern, F., Losada, P. M., Agam, M. R., Maat, C. A., Schmartz, G. P., Fehlmann, T., Stein, J. A., Schaum, N., Lee, D. P., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03710-0 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Aging-induced type I interferon response at the choroid plexus negatively affects brain function
Baruch, K., Deczkowska, A., David, E., Castellano, J. M., Miller, O., Kertser, A., Berkutzki, T., Barnett-Itzhaki, Z., Bezalel, D., Wyss-Coray, T., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1252945 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes
Choutka, J., Jansari, V., Hornig, M., & Iwasaki, A. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01810-6 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Self-citationVallières, L., Campbell, I. L., Gage, F. H., & Sawchenko, P. E. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-02-00486.2002 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Neuroinflammatory astrocyte subtypes in the mouse brain
Hasel, P., Rose, I. V. L., Sadick, J. S., Kim, R. D., & Liddelow, S. A. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-00905-6 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Swank, Z., Senussi, Y., Manickas-Hill, Z., Yu, X. G., Li, J. Z., Alter, G., & Walt, D. R. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac722 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes induce cell death via saturated lipids
Guttenplan, K. A., Weigel, M. K., Prakash, P., Wijewardhane, P. R., Hasel, P., Rufen-Blanchette, U., Münch, A. E., Blum, J. A., Fine, J., Neal, M. C., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03960-y · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Microvascular injury in the brains of patients with Covid-19
Lee, M.-H., Perl, D. P., Nair, G., Li, W., Maric, D., Murray, H., Dodd, S. J., Koretsky, A. P., Watts, J. A., Cheung, V., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2033369 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Pellegrini, L., Albecka, A., Mallery, D. L., Kellner, M. J., Paul, D., Carter, A. P., James, L. C., & Lancaster, M. A. (2020) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.001 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Long-term neurologic outcomes of COVID-19
Xu, E., Xie, Y., & Al-Aly, Z. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02001-z · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation
Fernández-Castañeda, A., Lu, P., Geraghty, A. C., Song, E., Lee, M.-H., Wood, J., O’Dea, M. R., Dutton, S., Shamardani, K., Nwangwu, K., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Self-citationMazza, M. G., Palladini, M., De Lorenzo, R., Magnaghi, C., Poletti, S., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., & Benedetti, F. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.021 · Cited by 513 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(Mazza et al., 2021).”
Antonelli, M., Penfold, R., Merino, J., Sudre, C. H., Molteni, E., Berry, S., Canas, L., Graham, M. S., Kläser, K., Marc Modat, A., et al. (2022) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Tabacof, L., Tosto-Mancuso, J., Wood, J., Cortes, M., Kontorovich, A., McCarthy, D., Rizk, D., Rozanski, G., Breyman, E., Nasr, L., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000001910 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
White matter aging drives microglial diversity
Safaiyan, S., Besson-Girard, S., Kaya, T., Cantuti-Castelvetri, L., Liu, L., Ji, H., Schifferer, M., Gouna, G., Usifo, F., Kannaiyan, N., et al. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.027 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Patient Microglia Exhibit Enhanced Aging and Unique Transcriptional Activation
Srinivasan, K., Friedman, B. A., Etxeberria, A., Huntley, M. A., van der Brug, M. P., Foreman, O., Paw, J. S., Modrusan, Z., Beach, T. G., Serrano, G. E., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107843 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Disruption of oligodendrogenesis impairs memory consolidation in adult mice
Steadman, P. E., Xia, F., Ahmed, M., Mocle, A. J., Penning, A. R. A., Geraghty, A. C., Steenland, H. W., Monje, M., Josselyn, S. A., & Frankland, P. W. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.013 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Self-citationSadick, J. S., O’Dea, M. R., Hasel, P., Dykstra, T., Faustin, A., & Liddelow, S. A. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.008 · Cited by 415 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Neuroinflammatory reactive astrocytes across a range of cellular states (Hasel et al., 2021; Sadick et al., 2022) can induce further pathophysiology, with certain states of reactive astrocytes inducing cell death of oligodendrocytes and of susceptible neurons (Guttenplan et al., 2021; Liddelow et…”
Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling
Israelow, B., Song, E., Mao, T., Lu, P., Meir, A., Liu, F., Alfajaro, M. M., Wei, J., Dong, H., Homer, R. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20201241 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscription factors operate across disease loci, with EBNA2 implicated in autoimmunity
Harley, J. B., Chen, X., Pujato, M. A., Miller, D., Maddox, A., Forney, C. R., Magnusen, A. F., Lynch, A., Chetal, K., Yukawa, M., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0102-3 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Chou, S., Beghi, E., Helbok, R., Moro, E., Sampson, J. N., Altamirano, V., Mainali, S., Bassetti, C. L., Suárez, J. I., McNett, M., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12131 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Neuromodulation by the immune system: a focus on cytokines
Salvador, A. F., de Lima, K. A., & Kipnis, J. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00508-z · Cited by 389 · see citing works
COVID-19 neuropathology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital
Thakur, K. T., Miller, E. H., Glendinning, M. D., Al‐Dalahmah, O., Banu, M. A., Boehme, A. K., Boubour, A., Bruce, S. S., Chong, A. M., Claassen, J., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab148 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation
Gold, J. E., Okyay, R. A., Licht, W. E., & Hurley, D. J. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10060763 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Gibson, E. M., Nagaraja, S., Ocampo, A., Tam, L. T., Wood, L. S., Pallegar, P. N., Greene, J. J., Geraghty, A. C., Goldstein, A. K., Ni, L., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.049 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of cognitive function in patients after COVID-19 infection
Becker, J. H., Lin, J. J., Doernberg, M., Stone, K., Navis, A., Festa, J. R., & Wisnivesky, J. P. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Preservation of a remote fear memory requires new myelin formation
Pan, S., Mayoral, S. R., Choi, H. S., Chan, J. R., & Kheirbek, M. A. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0582-1 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Understanding COVID-19-associated coagulopathy
Conway, E. M., Mackman, N., Warren, R. Q., Wolberg, A. S., Mosnier, L. O., Campbell, R. A., Gralinski, L. E., Rondina, M. T., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Hoffmeister, K. M., et al. (2022) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00762-9 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Meningeal γδ T cell-derived IL-17 controls synaptic plasticity and short-term memory
Ribeiro, M., Brigas, H. C., Temido-Ferreira, M., Pousinha, P. A., Regen, T., Santa, C., Coelho, J. E., Marques-Morgado, I., Valente, C. A., Omenetti, S., et al. (2019) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aay5199 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Impaired human hippocampal neurogenesis after treatment for central nervous system malignancies
Monje, M., Vogel, H. S., Masek, M., Ligon, K. L., Fisher, P. G., & Palmer, T. D. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21214 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationLoss of adaptive myelination contributes to methotrexate chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment
Geraghty, A. C., Gibson, E. M., Ghanem, R. A., Greene, J. J., Ocampo, A., Goldstein, A. K., Ni, L., Yang, T., Marton, R. M., Paşca, S. P., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.032 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationGarber, C., Soung, A., Vollmer, L. L., Kanmogne, M., Last, A., Brown, J., & Klein, R. S. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0427-y · Cited by 272 · see citing works
COVID-19 induces CNS cytokine expression and loss of hippocampal neurogenesis
Soung, A., Vanderheiden, A., Nordvig, A. S., Sissoko, C. A., Canoll, P., Mariani, M. B., Jiang, X., Bricker, T. L., Rosoklija, G. B., Arango, V., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac270 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in U.S. Children Ages 6-19, 2003-2010
Dowd, J. B., Palermo, T., Brite, J., McDade, T. W., & Aiello, A. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064921 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Pretorius, E., Venter, C., Laubscher, G. J., Kotze, M. J., Oladejo, S. O., Watson, L. R., Rajaratnam, K., Watson, B. W., & Kell, D. B. (2022) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01579-5 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Jurgens, H. A., Amancherla, K., & Johnson, R. W. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6389-11.2012 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Hosseini, S., Wilk, E., Michaelsen-Preusse, K., Gerhauser, I., Baumgärtner, W., Geffers, R., Schughart, K., & Korte, M. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1740-17.2018 · Cited by 236 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The similarities and differences evident between influenza—a disease also associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric sequalae (Honigsbaum 2013; Hosseini et al., 2018; Jurgens et al., 2012; Menninger, 1919)—and SARS-CoV-2 infections underscore the principle that the immune response to a…”
Frere, J. J., Serafini, R. A., Pryce, K. D., Zazhytska, M., Oishi, K., Golynker, I., Panis, M., Zimering, J. H., Horiuchi, S., Hoagland, D. A., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abq3059 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
COVID-19-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Parsons, T. C., Banks, S., Bae, C., Gelber, J., Alahmadi, H., & Tichauer, M. B. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-09951-9 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Microglia and Astrocytes in Disease: Dynamic Duo or Partners in Crime?
Liddelow, S. A., Marsh, S. E., & Stevens, B. (2020) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2020.07.006 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Neurovascular injury with complement activation and inflammation in COVID-19
Lee, M. H., Perl, D. P., Steiner, J. P., Pasternack, N., Li, W., Maric, D., Safavi, F., Horkayne‐Szakaly, I., Jones, R., Stram, M. N., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac151 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Myelinated nerve fibers: computed effect of myelin thickness on conduction velocity
Rs, S., & Koles, Z. J. (1970) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.5.1256 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Song, E., Bartley, C. M., Chow, R. D.-W., Ngo, T. T., Jiang, R., Zamecnik, C. R., Dandekar, R., Loudermilk, R. P., Dai, Y., Liu, F., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100288 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationCD49f Is a Novel Marker of Functional and Reactive Human iPSC-Derived Astrocytes
Barbar, L., Jain, T., Zimmer, M., Kruglikov, I., Sadick, J. S., Wang, M., Kalpana, K., Rose, I. V. L., Burstein, S. R., Rusielewicz, T., et al. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.014 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Microglia as Dynamic Cellular Mediators of Brain Function
Wright-Jin, E. C., & Gutmann, D. H. (2019) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.013 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Cognitive, EEG, and MRI features of COVID-19 survivors: a 10-month study
Cecchetti, G., Agosta, F., Canu, E., Basaia, S., Barbieri, A., Cardamone, R., Bernasconi, M. P., Castelnovo, V., Cividini, C., Cursi, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11047-5 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Tropism of SARS-CoV-2 for human cortical astrocytes
Andrews, M. G., Mukhtar, T., Eze, U. C., Simoneau, C. R., Ross, J., Parikshak, N., Wang, S., Zhou, L., Koontz, M., Velmeshev, D., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2122236119 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Sterling, J. K., Adetunji, M. O., Guttha, S., Bargoud, A. R., Uyhazi, K. E., Ross, A. G., Dunaief, J. L., & Cui, Q. N. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108271 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Riggs, L., Piscione, J., Laughlin, S., Cunningham, T., Timmons, B. W., Courneya, K. S., Bartels, U. K., Skocic, J., de Medeiros, C. B., Liu, F., et al. (2016) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/now177 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Tunneling nanotubes provide a route for SARS-CoV-2 spreading
Pepe, A., Pietropaoli, S., Vos, M. R. J., Spaeth, G. B., & Zurzolo, C. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo0171 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Tejerina, F., Catalán, P., Rodríguez‐Grande, C., Adán‐Jiménez, J., Rodríguez, C., Muñóz, P., Aldámiz‐Echevarría, T., Díez, C., Latorre, L. P., Fanciulli, C., et al. (2022) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07153-4 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Alexopoulos, H., Magira, E., Bitzogli, K., Kafasi, N., Vlachoyiannopoulos, P., Tzioufas, A., Kotanidou, A., & Dalakas, M. C. (2020) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000893 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Ayoub, R., Ruddy, R. M., Cox, E., Oyefiade, A., Derkach, D., Laughlin, S., Ades-aron, B., Shirzadi, Z., Fieremans, E., MacIntosh, B. J., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0985-2 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Microglia in Cancer Therapy-Related Cognitive Impairment
Gibson, E. M., & Monje, M. (2021) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2021.02.003 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationFernández-Castañeda, A., Lu, P., Geraghty, A. C., Song, E., Lee, M.-H., Wood, J., Yalçın, B., Taylor, K. R., Dutton, S., Acosta-Alvarez, L., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475453 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationPSYCHOSES ASSOCIATED WITH INFLUENZA
Menninger, K. A. (1919) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1919.02610040001001 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cosentino, G., Todisco, M., Hota, N., Porta, G., Morbini, P., Tassorelli, C., & Pisani, A. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15045 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Epstein-Barr Virus and the Origin of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Ruiz-Pablos, M., Paiva, B., Montero-Mateo, R., Garcia, N., & Zabaleta, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.656797 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Henn, R. E., Noureldein, M. H., Elzinga, S. E., Kim, B., Savelieff, M. G., & Feldman, E. L. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105766 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Activity Shapes Neural Circuit Form and Function: A Historical Perspective
Pan, Y., & Monje, M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0740-19.2019 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationPetersen, M., Nägele, F. L., Mayer, C., Schell, M., Petersen, E. L., Kühn, S., Gallinat, J., Fiehler, J., Pasternak, O., Matschke, J., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2217232120 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Muhl, L., He, L., Sun, Y., Mäe, M. A., Pietilä, R. S., Liu, J., Genové, G., Zhang, L., Xie, Y., Leptidis, S., et al. (2022) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.03.016 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Inflammatory leptomeningeal cytokines mediate COVID-19 neurologic symptoms in cancer patients
Remsik, J., Wilcox, J. A., Babady, N. E., McMillen, T. A., Vachha, B. A., Halpern, N. A., Dhawan, V., Rosenblum, M., Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A., Avila, E. K., et al. (2021) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
COVID‐19 associated EBV reactivation and effects of ganciclovir treatment
Meng, M., Zhang, S., Dong, X., Sun, W., Deng, Y., Li, W., Li, R., Annane, D., Wu, Z., & Chen, D. (2022) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.597 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Frequency of Neurological Diseases After COVID-19, Influenza A/B and Bacterial Pneumonia
Zarifkar, P., Peinkhofer, C., Benros, M. E., & Kondziella, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.904796 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Payus, A. O., Jeffree, M. S., Ohn, M. H., Tan, H. J., Ibrahim, A., Chia, Y. K., & Raymond, A. A. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05785-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Halpin, P., Williams, M. V., Klimas, N. G., FLETCHER, M. A., Barnes, Z. M., & Ariza, M. E. (2017) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.24810 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gomes, I. C., Karmirian, K., Oliveira, J., Pedrosa, C., Rosman, F. C., Chimelli, L., & Rehen, S. (2020) · doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0297.v1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“An inexpressible dread”: psychoses of influenza at fin-de-siècle
Honigsbaum, M. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60701-1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded dUTPase modulates immune function and induces sickness behavior in mice
Padgett, D. A., Hotchkiss, A. K., Pyter, L. M., Nelson, R. J., Yang, E., Yeh, P., Litsky, M. L., Williams, M. V., & Glaser, R. (2004) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.20196 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Post-COVID-19 HSV encephalitis: a review
Gupta, S., Dutta, A., Chakraborty, U., Kumar, R., Das, D., & Ray, B. K. (2022) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcac060 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
COVID-19: Autopsy findings in six patients between 26 and 46 years of age
Greuel, S., Ihlow, J., Dragomir, M. P., Streit, S., Corman, V. M., Haberbosch, L., Winkler, D. T., Meinhardt, J., Aschman, T., Schneider, J. A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.069 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aubrecht, T. G., Weil, Z. M., Ariza, M. E., Williams, M., Reader, B. F., Glaser, R., Sheridan, J. F., & Nelson, R. J. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.07.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Verriello, L., Pez, S., Pauletto, G., D’Agostini, S., Nilo, A., Gigli, G. L., & Valente, M. (2022) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v93is1.12885 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 126 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Gomes I, Karmirian K, Oliveira JT, Pedrosa C, Mendes MA, Rosman FC, Chimelli L, and Rehen S. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 infection of the central nervous system in a 14-month-old child: A case report of a complete autopsy. Lancet Reg Health Am 2, 100046. 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100046. PMC8397543 34485969 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Long COVID science, research and policy
Al-Aly, Z., Davis, H., McCorkell, L., Soares, L., Wulf-Hanson, S., Iwasaki, A., & Topol, E. J. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03173-6 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Self-citationGreene, C., Connolly, R., Brennan, D., Laffan, A., O’Keeffe, E., Zaporojan, L., O’Callaghan, J., Thomson, B., Connolly, E., Argue, R., et al. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01576-9 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics
Peluso, M. J., & Deeks, S. G. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.054 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Leng, A., Shah, M. M., Ahmad, S. A., Premraj, L., Wildi, K. S., Bassi, G. L., Pardo, C. A., Choi, A., & Cho, S. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12050816 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Fontes-Dantas, F. L., Fernandes, G. G., Gutman, E. G., de Lima, E. V., Antonio, L. S., Hämmerle, M. B., Mota-Araujo, H. P., Colodeti, L. C., Araújo, S. M. B., Froz, G. M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112189 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Fibrin drives thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19
Ryu, J. K., Yan, Z., Montano, M., Sozmen, E. G., Dixit, K., Suryawanshi, R. K., Matsui, Y., Helmy, E., Kaushal, P., Makanani, S. K., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07873-4 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Selvakumar, J. P., Havdal, L. B., Drevvatne, M., Brodwall, E. M., Berven, L. L., Stiansen-Sonerud, T., Einvik, G., Leegaard, T. M., Tjade, T., Michelsen, A. E., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.5763 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Sauvé, F., Nampoothiri, S. S., Clarke, S. A., Fernandois, D., Coêlho, C. F. F., Dewisme, J., Mills, E., Ternier, G., Cotellessa, L., Iglesias, C., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104784 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Quan, M., Wang, X., Gong, M., Wang, Q., Li, Y., & Jia, J. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100836 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of long COVID: an update
Su, S., Zhao, Y., Zeng, N., Liu, X., Zheng, Y., Sun, J., Zhong, Y., Wu, S., Ni, S., Gong, Y.-M., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02171-3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Neuron–oligodendroglial interactions in health and malignant disease
Taylor, K. R., & Monje, M. (2023) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00744-3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationTaquet, M., Skórniewska, Z., Hampshire, A., Chalmers, J. D., Ho, L., Horsley, A. R., Marks, M., Poinasamy, K., Raman, B., Leavy, O. C., et al. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02525-y · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cognitive dysfunction in post‐COVID‐19 condition: Mechanisms, management, and rehabilitation
Möller, M. C., Borg, K., Janson, C., Lerm, M., Normark, J., & Niward, K. (2023) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13720 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Senolytic therapy alleviates physiological human brain aging and COVID-19 neuropathology
Aguado, J., Amarilla, A. A., Taherian Fard, A., Albornoz, E. A., Tyshkovskiy, A., Schwabenland, M., Chaggar, H. K., Modhiran, N., Gómez-Inclán, C., Javed, I., et al. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-023-00519-6 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches
Gheorghita, R. E., Șoldănescu, I., Lobiuc, A., Căliman-Sturdza, O. A., Filip, R., Constantinescu‐Bercu, A., Dimian, M., Mangul, S., & Covașă, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344086 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Serrano del Pueblo, V. M., Serrano-Heras, G., Romero Sánchez, C. M., Landete, P. P., Rojas-Bartolome, L., Feria, I., Morris, R. G. M., Strange, B., Mansilla, F., Zhang, L., et al. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae101 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
de Almeida, V. M., Engel, D. F., Ricci, M. F., Cruz, C. S., Lopes, Í. S., Alves, D. A., Auriol, M. D., Magalhães, J., Machado, E. C., Rocha, V. M., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2249146 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Gu, X., Wang, S., Zhang, W., Li, C., Guo, L., Wang, Z., Li, H., Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., Liang, W., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104851 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Acıoğlu, Ç., & Elkabes, S. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03360-3 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-associated anosmia
Tsukahara, T., Brann, D. H., & Datta, S. R. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2023 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment after long COVID-19: current evidence and perspectives
Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., & Li, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1239182 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Khan, M., Clijsters, M., Choi, S., Backaert, W., Claerhout, M., Couvreur, F., Breda, L. V., Bourgeois, F., Speleman, K., Klein, S., et al. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Long Covid and Impaired Cognition — More Evidence and More Work to Do
Al‐Aly, Z., & Rosen, C. J. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2400189 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Haunhorst, S., Dudziak, D., Scheibenbogen, C., Seifert, M., Sotzny, F., Finke, C., Behrends, U., Aden, K., Schreiber, S., Brockmann, D., et al. (2024) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-024-02386-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
COVID-19-associated monocytic encephalitis (CAME): histological and proteomic evidence from autopsy
Zhang, P., He, Z.-C., Yao, X., Tang, R., Ma, J., Luo, T., Zhu, C., Li, T., Liu, X., Zhang, D., et al. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01291-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Díez‐Cirarda, M., Yus, M., Sánchez‐Sánchez, R., González-Rosa, J. J., González‐Escamilla, G., Gil‐Martínez, L., Delgado‐Alonso, C., Gil‐Moreno, M. J., Valles‐Salgado, M., Cano-Cano, F., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104711 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cognitive domains affected post‐COVID ‐19; a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Fanshawe, J. B., Sargent, B., Badenoch, J., Saini, A., Watson, C. J., Pokrovskaya, A., Aniwattanapong, D., Conti, I., Nye, C., Burchill, E., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16181 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mitigating neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19-related critical illness
Pandharipande, P. P., Roberson, S. W., Harrison, F. E., Wilson, J. E., Bastarache, J. A., & Ely, E. W. (2023) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00238-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Immunological dysfunction and mast cell activation syndrome in long COVID
Sumantri, S., & Rengganis, I. (2023) · Asia Pacific Allergy · doi:10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000022 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Joffe, A. R., & Elliott, A. (2023) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121231194400 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Supramolecular Chiral Binding Affinity‐Achieved Efficient Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Zhou, J., Gu, J., Sun, X., Ye, Q., Wu, X., Xi, J., Han, J., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202308493 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Neutrophil extracellular traps and long COVID
Shafqat, A., Omer, M. H., Albalkhi, I., Razzak, G. A., Abdulkader, H. S., Rab, S. A., Sabbah, B. N., AlKattan, K. M., & Yaqinuddin, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254310 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Role of Endothelium in Cardiovascular Sequelae of Long COVID
Santoro, L., Zaccone, V., Falsetti, L., Ruggieri, V., Danese, M., Miro, C., Giorgio, A. D., Nesci, A., D’Alessandro, A., Moroncini, G., et al. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11082239 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Brief Outpatient Rehabilitation Program for Post–COVID-19 Condition
Nerli, T. F., Selvakumar, J. P., Cvejic, E., Heier, I., Pedersen, M., Johnsen, T. L., & Wyller, V. B. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.50744 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rheumatology and Long COVID: lessons from the study of fibromyalgia
Clauw, D. J., & Calabrese, L. H. (2023) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2023-224250 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Treatment of 95 post-Covid patients with SSRIs
Rus, C. P., de Vries, B. E. K., de Vries, I. E. J., Nutma, I., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45072-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Post-COVID-19 conditions: a systematic review on advanced magnetic resonance neuroimaging findings
Mohammadi, S., & Ghaderi, S. (2024) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-024-07427-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Vaccination reduces central nervous system IL-1β and memory deficits after COVID-19 in mice
Vanderheiden, A., Hill, J. D., Jiang, X., Deppen, B., Bamunuarachchi, G., Soudani, N., Joshi, A., Cain, M. D., Boon, A. C. M., & Klein, R. S. (2024) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-024-01868-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Novel biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in Long COVID patients
Szögi, T., Borsos, B. N., Masic, D., Radics, B., Bella, Z., Bánfi, A., Ördög, N., Zsiros, C., Kiricsi, Á., Pankotai-Bodó, G., et al. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01398-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Talkington, G. M., Kolluru, P., Gressett, T. E., Ismael, S., Umar, M., Acquarone, M., Solch-Ottaiano, R. J., White, A., Ouvrier, B., Paré, K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1465787 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Neurovascular coupling impairment as a mechanism for cognitive deficits in COVID-19
Owens, C. D., Pinto, C. B., Detwiler, S., Olay, L., Pinaffi‐Langley, A. C. D. C., Mukli, P., Péterfi, A., Szarvas, Z., James, J. A., Galván, V., et al. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae080 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric disorders following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Harrison, P. J., & Taquet, M. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Liu, X., Xiong, W., Ye, M., Lu, T., Yuan, K., Chang, S., Han, Y., Wang, Y., Lü, L., & Bao, Y. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01669-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) in older adults
Russell, S. J., Parker, K., Lehoczki, A., Lieberman, D. B., Partha, I. S., Scott, S. J., Phillips, L. R., Fain, M. J., & Nikolich‐Žugich, J. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01227-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Neuroimmune Pathophysiology of Long COVID
Moen, J. K., Baker, C. A., & Iwasaki, A. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13855 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of astrocytes in sleep deprivation: accomplices, resisters, or bystanders?
Que, M., Li, Y., Wang, X., Zhan, G., Luo, X., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1188306 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Stewart, R., Yan, K., Ellis, S. A., Bishop, C. R., Dumenil, T. D., Tang, B., Nguyen, W., Larcher, T., Parry, R. H., Sng, J. D. J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320856 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Brain exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virions perturbs synaptic homeostasis
Partiot, E., Hirschler, A., Colomb, S., Lutz, W., Claeys, T., Delalande, F., Deffieu, M. S., Bare, Y., Roels, J. R. E., Gorda, B., et al. (2024) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-024-01657-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Martínez‐Pozas, O., Corbellini, C., Cuenca‐Zaldívar, J. N., Oliva, E. M., Sinatti, P., & Romero, E. A. S. (2024) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.24.08540-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Microglial Inflammatory Responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection: A Comprehensive Review
Dey, R., & Bishayi, B. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-023-01444-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
COVID‐19 as a trigger of Guillain‐Barré syndrome: A review of the molecular mechanism
Malekpour, M., Khanmohammadi, S., Meybodi, M. J. E., Shekouh, D., Rahmanian, M. R., Kardeh, S., & Azarpira, N. (2023) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.875 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Tsilioni, I., & Theoharides, T. C. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03493-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Shan, D., Wang, C., Crawford, T. J., & Holland, C. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05538-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Long COVID: Molecular Mechanisms and Detection Techniques
Constantinescu‐Bercu, A., Lobiuc, A., Căliman-Sturdza, O. A., Oita, R. C., Iavorschi, M., Pavăl, N.-E., Șoldănescu, I., Dimian, M., & Covașă, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010408 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the Long-Term Effects on Organ Systems
Golzardi, M., Hromić‐Jahjefendić, A., Šutković, J., Aydın, O., Ünal‐Aydın, P., Bećirević, T., Redwan, E. M. M. M., Rubio‐Casillas, A., & Uversky, V. N. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12040913 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Calzari, L., Dragani, D. F., Zanotti, L., Inglese, E., Danesi, R., Cavagnola, R., Brusati, A., Ranucci, F., Blasio, A. M. D., Persani, L., et al. (2024) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-024-01724-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Yan, Z., Yang, M., & Lai, C. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15020533 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Trevino, T. N., Almousawi, A. A., Robinson, K. F., Fogel, A., Class, J., Minshall, R. D., Tai, L. M., Richner, J. M., & Lutz, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578309 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cerebromicrovascular mechanisms contributing to long COVID: implications for neurocognitive health
Fekete, M., Lehoczki, A., Szappanos, Á., Tóth, A., Mahdi, M., Sótonyi, P., Benyó, Z., Yabluchanskiy, A., Tarantini, S., & Ungvari, Z. I. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01487-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ding, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., & Wang, S. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i10.109502 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Human microglial models to study host–virus interactions
McMillan, R. E., Wang, E. Y., Carlin, A. F., & Coufal, N. G. (2023) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114375 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Byrnes, C., Lee, Y. T., Tuymetova, G., Duffy, H. B. D., Bakir, J. Y., Pettit, S. N., Angina, J., Springer, D., Allende, M. L., et al. (2023) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202300149r · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Long-Term effects of COVID-19: a review of current perspectives and mechanistic insights
Lenz, C., Slack, M., Shea, K. M., Reinert, R. R., Taysi, B. N., & Swerdlow, D. L. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2023.2190405 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cataldo, S. A., Micciulli, A., Margulis, L., Cibeyra, M., DEFEO, S., Horovitz, S. G., Martino, A., Melano, R., Mena, M., Parisi, F., et al. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03959-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Scott‐Hewitt, N., Huang, Y., & Stevens, B. (2023) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Direct and indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the brain
Peron, J. P. S. (2023) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-023-02549-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Leitlinie S1 für das Management postviraler Zustände am Beispiel Post-COVID-19
Rabady, S., Hoffmann, K., Aigner, M., Altenberger, J., Brose, M., Costa, U. M., Denk‐Linnert, D., Gruber, S., Götzinger, F., Helbok, R., et al. (2023) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-023-02242-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hanin, A., Zhang, L., Huttner, A. J., Plu, I., Mathon, B., Bielle, F., Navarro, V., Hirsch, L. J., & Hafler, D. A. (2024) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200259 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jiang, Q., Li, G., Wang, H., Chen, W., Liang, F., Kong, H., Chen, T., Lin, L., Hong, H., & Pei, Z. (2024) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.115020 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lanz, T. V., Robinson, W. H., Ho, P. P.-K., & Steinman, L. (2023) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1438 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Katahira, J., Ohmae, T., Yasugi, M., Sasaki, R., Itoh, Y., Kohda, T., Hieda, M., Hirai, M. Y., Okamoto, T., & Miyamoto, Y. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad483 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
COVID, complement, and the brain
Vlaicu, S. I., Tatomir, A., Cuevas, J., Rus, V., & Rus, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216457 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with neurological manifestations in post-COVID-19 syndrome
Boesl, F., Goereci, Y., Gerhard, A., Bremer, B., Raeder, V., Schweitzer, F., Hoppmann, U., Behrens, J. R., Bellmann–Strobl, J., Paul, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-12092-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Greißel, A., Schneider, A., Donnachie, E., Gerlach, R., Tauscher, M., & Hapfelmeier, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52656-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Biomarkers of fatigue in oncology: A systematic review
Vanrusselt, D., Sleurs, C., Arif, M., Lemiere, J., Verschueren, S., & Uyttebroeck, A. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104245 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
COVID-19 and multiple sclerosis: challenges and lessons for patient care
Prosperini, L., Arrambide, G., Celius, E. G., Goletti, D., Killestein, J., Kos, D., Lavorgna, L., Louapre, C., Sormani, M. P., Šťastná, D., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100979 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Komaroff, A. L., & Dantzer, R. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102259 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sakurada, Y., Matsuda, Y., Motohashi, K., Hasegawa, T., Otsuka, Y., Nakano, Y., Tokumasu, K., Yamamoto, K., Sunada, N., Honda, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2024.2305899 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mix, M. R., van de Wall, S., Heidarian, M., Escue, E., Fain, C. E., Pewe, L. L., Hancox, L. S., Arumugam, S. A., Sievers, C. M., Badovinac, V. P., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115247 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dobrigna, M., Poëa‐Guyon, S., Rousseau, V., Vincent, A., Toutain, A., & Barnier, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1123784 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jyonouchi, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1333717 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gáspár, Z., Szabó, B. G., Ceglédi, A., & Lakatos, B. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01323-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kesler, S. R., Franco‐Rocha, O. Y., Schutz, A. D. L. T., Lewis, K., Aziz, R., Henneghan, A. M., Melamed, E., & Brode, W. M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73311-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Long COVID: A Comprehensive Overview of the Signs and Symptoms across Multiple Organ Systems
Merhavy, Z. I., Junor, T., GONZÁLEZ, A. E. A. I., Filippis, S. M. D., Oveisitork, S., Rivera, E., Ndukwu, I., & Bhatara, K. (2024) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.24.0085 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on accelerating of immunosenescence and brain aging
Müller, L., & Benedetto, S. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1471192 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Brain Leukocytes as the Potential Therapeutic Target for Post-COVID-19 Brain Fog
Kazama, I. (2023) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-023-03912-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Frank, M. G., Fleshner, M., & Maier, S. F. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Towards Novel Biomimetic In Vitro Models of the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Permeability Evaluation
Mármol, I., Abizanda-Campo, S., Ayuso, J. M., Ochoa, I., & Oliván, S. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10050572 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Long COVID as a Tauopathy: Of “Brain Fog” and “Fusogen Storms”
Sfera, A., Rahman, L., del Campo, C. M. Z.-M., & Kozlakidis, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241612648 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Helbing, D. L., Dommaschk, E.-M., Danyeli, L. V., Liepinsh, E., Refisch, A., Şen, Z. D., Zvejniece, L., Rocktäschel, T., Stabenow, L. K., Schiöth, H. B., et al. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01734-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mast cell activation syndrome: An up-to-date review of literature
Özdemır, Ö., Kasımoğlu, G., Bak, A., Sütlüoğlu, H., & Savaşan, S. (2024) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.92813 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation: An Oligodendrocentric View
Festa, L. K., Jordan‐Sciutto, K. L., & Grinspan, J. B. (2025) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.70007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gietl, M., Burkert, F. R., Seiwald, S., Boehm, A., Hofer, S., Gostner, J. M., Piater, T., Geisler, S., Weiß, G., Löffler‐Ragg, J., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.1177/11786469231154244 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Saucier, J., Comeau, D., Robichaud, G. A., & Chamard-Witkowski, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1221266 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Alterations in microbiota of patients with COVID‐19: implications for therapeutic interventions
Qiu, Y., Mo, C., Chen, L., Ye, W., Chen, G., & Zhu, T. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.513 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chachlaki, K., Duc, K. L., Storme, L., & Prévot, V. (2024) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13387 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Post-COVID-19 Conditions: A Systematic Review
Markser, A. M., Vöckel, J., Schneider, A., Baumeister-Lingens, L., Sigrist, C., & Koenig, J. (2024) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.07.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Choroid plexus volume is enlarged in long COVID and associated with cognitive and brain changes
Díez‐Cirarda, M., Yus, M., Delgado‐Alonso, C., Gil‐Martínez, L., Jiménez-García, C., Gil‐Moreno, M. J., Gómez‐Ruiz, N., Oliver‐Mas, S., Polidura, C., Jorquera, M., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02886-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
COVID-19-associated neurological and psychological manifestations
Wilson, J. E., Gurdasani, D., Helbok, R., Ozturk, S., Fraser, D. D., Filipović, S. R., Peluso, M. J., Iwasaki, A., Yasuda, C. L., Bocci, T., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-025-00674-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationAddressing psychosomatic issues after lifting the COVID-19 policy in China: A wake-up call
Zhong, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, W., Li, S., & Gao, Y. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103517 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Monje, M., & Iwasaki, A.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Monje, Michelle
- Iwasaki, Akiko
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 3484-3496
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9537254
- OpenAlex
- W4303182677
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 146 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 12.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA258384, R01CA263500, P50CA165962, U19CA264504)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI157488)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS092597, DP1NS111132)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Keywords
- long COVID, neurobiology, central nervous system, neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive symptoms, pathobiology, COVID-19 survivors
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Mental Disorders, Humans, Nervous System Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
