Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-Based Vaccines

mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology

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Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle in Vivo

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Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications

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mRNA-based therapeutics--developing a new class of drugs

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The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution.

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Incorporation of Pseudouridine Into mRNA Yields Superior Nonimmunogenic Vector With Increased Translational Capacity and Biological Stability

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Systemic RNA delivery to dendritic cells exploits antiviral defence for cancer immunotherapy

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Review: N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1Ψ): Friend or foe of cancer?

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Advances in targeted delivery of mRNA into immune cells for enhanced cancer therapy

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Strategies for simultaneous and successive delivery of RNA

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Yeasts in nanotechnology-enabled oral vaccine and gene delivery

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Chemically modified mRNA beyond COVID-19: Potential preventive and therapeutic applications for targeting chronic diseases

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Nanotechnology and COVID-19 Convergence: Toward New Planetary Health Interventions Against the Pandemic

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Electrospun fiber-mediated delivery of neurotrophin-3 mRNA for neural tissue engineering applications

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Lipid Microparticles Show Similar Efficacy With Lipid Nanoparticles in Delivering mRNA and Preventing Cancer

Ji, A., Xu, M., Pan, Y., Diao, L., Ma, L., Li, Q., Cheng, J., & Liu, M. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-022-03445-1 · Cited by 24

Cancer vaccines as a targeted immunotherapy approach for breast cancer: an update of clinical evidence

Abbaspour, M., & Akbari, V. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2021884 · Cited by 22

mRNA delivery technologies: Toward clinical translation

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Sending a Message: Use of mRNA Vaccines to Target the Tumor Immune Microenvironment

Ramirez, F., Zambrano, A., Hennis, R., Holland, N. A., Lakshmanaswamy, R., & Chacon, J. A. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11091465 · Cited by 21

The mRNA vaccine, a swift warhead against a moving infectious disease target

Mir, S., & Mir, M. A. (2024) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2024.2320327 · Cited by 28

Small-molecule in cancer immunotherapy: Revolutionizing cancer treatment with transformative, game-changing breakthroughs

Chattopadhyay, S., Hazra, R., Mallick, A., Gayen, S., & Roy, S. (2024) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189170 · Cited by 23

Decoding virulence and resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: Pharmacological insights, immunological dynamics, and in silico therapeutic strategies

Alishvandi, A., Barancheshemeh, M., Firuzpour, F., Aram, C., Kamali, M. J., & Keikha, M. (2025) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107691 · Cited by 25

mRNA medicine: Recent progresses in chemical modification, design, and engineering

Hou, X., Shi, J., & Xiao, Y. (2024) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-024-6978-6 · Cited by 24

Engineering exosomes for mRNA delivery: a review

Yao, T. S., Dong, X., Wang, X., Liu, X., Fu, L., & Li, L. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.144662 · Cited by 23

Methodical Design of Viral Vaccines Based on Avant-Garde Nanocarriers: A Multi-Domain Narrative Review

Raoufi, E., Bahramimeimandi, B., Salehi‐Shadkami, M., Chaosri, P., & Mozafari, M. R. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050520 · Cited by 22

Material Design for Next-Generation mRNA Vaccines Using Lipid Nanoparticles

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New insights on circular RNAs and their potential applications as biomarkers, therapeutic agents, and preventive vaccines in viral infections: with a glance at SARS-CoV-2

Rahmani-Kukia, N., & Abbasi, A. (2022) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2022.08.012 · Cited by 22

Lipid‐based nucleic acid therapeutics with in vivo efficacy

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Oligonucleotide separation techniques for purification and analysis: What can we learn for today's tasks?

Minkner, R., Boonyakida, J., Park, E. Y., & Wätzig, H. (2022) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.202200079 · Cited by 22

mRNA Vaccine - A New Cancer Treatment Strategy

Tan, T., Deng, S., Wu, B.-H., Yang, Q., Wu, M., Wu, H., Cao, C., & Xu, C. S. (2023) · Current Cancer Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1568009623666230222124424 · Cited by 22

Antisense Therapy for Infectious Diseases

Buthelezi, L. A., Pillay, S., Ntuli, N., Gcanga, L., & Guler, R. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12162119 · Cited by 21

Recent Findings on Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: An Updated Review

Sheikhlary, S., Lopez, D. H., Moghimi, S., & Sun, B. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14040503 · Cited by 22

Low-Dose Mildronate-Derived Lipidoids for Efficient mRNA Vaccine Delivery with Minimal Inflammation Side Effects

Liu, J., Xiao, B., Yang, Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, R., Qi, W. D., Pan, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, H., Fan, J., et al. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c06160 · Cited by 20

Downstream processing for influenza vaccines and candidates: An update

Carvalho, S. B., Peixoto, C., Carrondo, M. J. T., & Silva, R. J. S. (2021) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.27803 · Cited by 21

Safe and effective aerosolization of in vitro transcribed mRNA to the respiratory tract epithelium of horses without a transfection agent

Legere, R. M., Cohen, N. D., Poveda, C., Bray, J. M., Barhoumi, R., Szule, J. A., de la Concha-Bermejillo, A., Bordin, A. I., & Pollet, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79855-1 · Cited by 20

Cyclic Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-Lipid Conjugates Are Good Alternatives to Poly(ethylene glycol)-Lipids for Lipid Nanoparticle mRNA Formulation

Golba, B., Zhong, Z., Romio, M., Almey, R., Deforce, D. L. D., Dhaenens, M., Sanders, N. N., Benetti, E. M., & Geest, B. G. D. (2025) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01587 · Cited by 22

Machine Learning Reveals Amine Type in Polymer Micelles Determines mRNA Binding, In Vitro, and In Vivo Performance for Lung-Selective Delivery

Panda, S., Eaton, E. J., Muralikrishnan, P., Stelljes, E. M., Seelig, D. M., Leyden, M. C., Gilkey, A. K., Barnes, J. T., Morrissey, D. V., Sarupria, S., et al. (2025) · JACS Au · doi:10.1021/jacsau.5c00084 · Cited by 22

mRNA-based therapies: Preclinical and clinical applications

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Advances in RNA cancer therapeutics: New insight into exosomes as miRNA delivery

Volpini, L., Monaco, F., Santarelli, L., Neužil, J., & Tomasetti, M. (2023) · Aspects of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amolm.2023.100005 · Cited by 21

Customizing cancer treatment at the nanoscale: a focus on anaplastic thyroid cancer therapy

Wang, J., Tan, J., Wu, B., Wu, R., Han, Y., Wang, C., Gao, Z., Jiang, D., & Xia, X. (2023) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-023-02094-9 · Cited by 20

Designing a conserved peptide-based subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 using immunoinformatics approach

Oladipo, E. K., Ajayi, A. F., Onile, O. S., Ariyo, O. E., Jimah, E. M., Ezediuno, L. O., Adebayo, O. I., Adebayo, E. T., Odeyemi, A. N., Oyeleke, M. O., et al. (2021) · In Silico Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s40203-020-00062-x · Cited by 20

Unleashing the potential of mRNA therapeutics for inherited neurological diseases

Monfrini, E., Baso, G., Ronchi, D., Meneri, M., Gagliardi, D., Quetti, L., Verde, F., Ticozzi, N., Ratti, A., Fonzo, A. D., et al. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae135 · Cited by 19

Modeling mRNA-based vaccine YFV.E1988 against yellow fever virus E-protein using immuno-informatics and reverse vaccinology approach

Khan, N. T., Zinnia, M. A., & Islam, A. B. M. M. K. (2022) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.2024253 · Cited by 19

Current knowledge on the tissue distribution of mRNA nanocarriers for therapeutic protein expression

Zadory, M., Lopez, E., Babity, S., Gravel, S., & Brambilla, D. (2022) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d2bm00859a · Cited by 18

Enhancing the Effect of Nucleic Acid Vaccines in the Treatment of HPV-Related Cancers: An Overview of Delivery Systems

de Moura, I. A., Silva, A. J. D., de Macêdo, L. S., Invenção, M. D. C. V., de Sousa, M. M. G., & de Freitas, A. C. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11121444 · Cited by 19

COVID-19-Induced Myocarditis: Pathophysiological Roles of ACE2 and Toll-like Receptors

Pannucci, P., Jefferson, S. R., Hampshire, J., Cooper, S. L., Hill, S. J., & Woolard, J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065374 · Cited by 21

RNA Combined with Nanoformulation to Advance Therapeutic Technologies

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Enhancing TB Vaccine Efficacy: Current Progress on Vaccines, Adjuvants and Immunization Strategies

Wang, H., Wang, S., Ren, F., Li, X., Xing, J., Li, Z., & Song, N. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12010038 · Cited by 22

Off the beaten path: Novel mRNA-nanoformulations for therapeutic vaccination against HIV

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Nanomedicine to deliver biological macromolecules for treating COVID-19

Wilson, B., & Geetha, K. M. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.068 · Cited by 18

Discovery and development of COVID ‐19 vaccine from laboratory to clinic

Saravanan, V., Chagaleti, B. K., Narayanan, P. L., Anandan, V. B., Manoharan, H., Anjana, G. V., Peraman, R., Namasivayam, S. K. R., Kavisri, M., Arockiaraj, J., et al. (2023) · Chemical Biology & Drug Design · doi:10.1111/cbdd.14383 · Cited by 19

Protocol for Delivery of CRISPR/dCas9 Systems for Epigenetic Editing into Solid Tumors Using Lipid Nanoparticles Encapsulating RNA

Woodward, E., Wang, E., Wallis, C. J. D., Sharma, R. K., Tie, A. W. J., Murthy, N., & Blancafort, P. (2024) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4051-7_14 · Cited by 18

Non-Viral RNA Therapies for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Their Corresponding Clinical Trials

Tiwade, P. B., Fung, V., VanKeulen‐Miller, R., Narasipura, E. A., Ma, Y., & Fenton, O. S. (2025) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00871 · Cited by 18

Smart coacervate microdroplets: biomimetic design, material innovations, and emerging applications in biomacromolecule delivery

Ding, B., Jiang, W., Ouyang, T., & Xu, H. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.06.016 · Cited by 17

Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression from mRNA vaccines using isotope dilution mass spectrometry

Sutton, W. J. H., Branham, P. J., Williamson, Y. M., Cooper, H. C., Najjar, F. N., Pierce, C. L., Barr, J. R., & Williams, T. L. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.044 · Cited by 18

Efficient in vitro and in vivo transfection of self-amplifying mRNA with linear poly(propylenimine) and poly(ethylenimine-propylenimine) random copolymers as non-viral carriers

Opsomer, L., Jana, S., Mertens, I., Cui, X., Hoogenboom, R., & Sanders, N. N. (2024) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d3tb03003b · Cited by 18

Extracellular vesicles for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy

Shi, J., Zhang, H., Cui, Y., Xing, J., Wang, W., Chen, J., Wang, S., & Yang, Z. (2024) · Extracellular Vesicle · doi:10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100039 · Cited by 18

Nanotechnology-Enabled COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines

Gao, Y., Yang, K., Shelling, A. N., & Wu, Z. (2021) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia1030059 · Cited by 18

CircRNA: Unlocking new frontiers in therapeutic and vaccine development

Bahrulolum, H., Rouzbahani, F. N., Hoseini, Z. S., Chaharmahali, M., & Hosseini, S. M. (2025) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.10.038 · Cited by 19

Liposomal siRNA Formulations for the Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus-1: In Vitro Characterization of Physicochemical Properties and Activity, and In Vivo Biodistribution and Toxicity Studies

Jbara-Agbaria, D., Blondzik, S., Burger‐Kentischer, A., Agbaria, M., Nordling‐David, M. M., Giterman, A., Aizik, G., Rupp, S., & Golomb, G. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14030633 · Cited by 18

Current status of nucleic acid therapy and its new progress in cancer treatment

Lou, W., Zhang, L., & Wang, J. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113157 · Cited by 19

RCSB Protein Data Bank resources for structure-facilitated design of mRNA vaccines for existing and emerging viral pathogens

Goodsell, D. S., & Burley, S. K. (2021) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2021.10.008 · Cited by 17

mRNA vaccine development and applications: A special focus on tumors (Review)

Chen, B., Yang, Y., Wang, X., Yang, W., Lu, Y., Wang, D., Zhuo, E., Tang, Y., Su, J., Tang, G., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2024.5669 · Cited by 17

Better, Faster, Stronger: Accelerating mRNA ‐Based Immunotherapies With Nanocarriers

Carvalho, H., Fidalgo, T. A. S., Acúrcio, R. C., Matos, A. I., Satchi‐Fainaro, R., & Florindo, H. F. (2024) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.2017 · Cited by 16

Current challenges for modern vaccines and perspectives for novel treatment alternatives

Garduño-González, K. A., Peña‐Benavides, S. A., Araújo, R. G., Castillo-Zacarías, C., Melchor-Martínez, E. M., Oyervides-Muñoz, M. A., Sosa‐Hernández, J. E., Purton, S., Iqbal, H. M. N., & Parra‐Saldívar, R. (2022) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103222 · Cited by 15

Intracellular delivery of messenger RNA to macrophages with surfactant-derived lipid nanoparticles

Huang, Y., Yang, M., Wang, N., Li, S., Liu, Z., Li, Z., Ji, Z.-H., & Li, B. (2022) · Materials Today Advances · doi:10.1016/j.mtadv.2022.100295 · Cited by 17

Optimal delivery strategies for nanoparticle-mediated mRNA delivery

Li, X., Guo, X., Hu, M., Cai, R., & Chen, C. (2023) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d2tb02455a · Cited by 16

Terminal hairpins improve protein expression in IRES-initiated mRNA in the absence of a cap and polyadenylated tail

Solodushko, V., & Fouty, B. (2023) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41434-023-00391-4 · Cited by 18

mRNA therapeutics for disease therapy: principles, delivery, and clinical translation

Zhou, D., Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Ma, K., Yang, X., Li, Z.-Y., Yu, S., Chen, K., & Qiao, S. (2023) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d2tb02782h · Cited by 18

Emerging perspectives on RNA virus-mediated infections: from pathogenesis to therapeutic interventions

Mohanty, P., Panda, P., Acharya, R. K., Pande, B., Bhaskar, L. V., & Verma, H. K. (2023) · World Journal of Virology · doi:10.5501/wjv.v12.i5.242 · Cited by 17

Advancement in the development of mRNA ‐based vaccines for respiratory viruses

Troncoso‐Bravo, T., Ramírez, M. A., Loaiza, R. A., Román-Cárdenas, C., Papazisis, G., Garrido, D. A., González, P. A., Bueno, S. M., & Kalergis, A. M. (2024) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13844 · Cited by 20

RNA vaccines: The dawn of a new age for tuberculosis?

Li, J., Liu, D., Li, X., Wei, J., Du, W., Zhao, A., & Xu, M. (2025) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2025.2469333 · Cited by 19

Revolutionizing mRNA Vaccines Through Innovative Formulation and Delivery Strategies

Fatima, M., An, T., & Hong, K. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15030359 · Cited by 20

RNA-based therapies for neurodegenerative disease: Targeting molecular mechanisms for disease modification

Bhati, V., Prasad, S., & Kabra, A. (2025) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2025.104010 · Cited by 19

Sequence-defined polymers for biomedical applications

Jäck, N., Nagel, S., & Hartmann, L. (2025) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101993 · Cited by 16

New trends in brain tumor immunity with the opportunities of lymph nodes targeted drug delivery

Qi, Y., Xiong, W., Chen, Q., Ye, Z., Jiang, C., He, Y., & Ye, Q. (2023) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-023-02011-0 · Cited by 16

A novel micelleplex for tumour-targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 against KRAS-mutated lung cancer

Chen, S., Triki, M., Carneiro, S. P., & Merkel, O. M. (2025) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d4nr03471f · Cited by 15

Viral and nonviral nanocarriers for in vivo CRISPR-based gene editing

Guo, Z., Zhu, A. T., Fang, R. H., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-024-6748-5 · Cited by 18

Messenger RNA (mRNA) based therapeutics in transforming cardiovascular care: Progress, regulatory challenges and future perspectives

Khan, M., Musazzi, U. M., Manellari, S., Mouawad, N., Damiano, G., Rinaldi, R., Raucci, A., Costantino, S., Paneni, F., Minghetti, P., et al. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107847 · Cited by 16

DNA Vaccines in the Post-mRNA Era: Engineering, Applications, and Emerging Innovations

Neeli, P. K., Chai, D., Roy, D., Prajapati, S., & Bonam, S. R. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178716 · Cited by 14

Effective mRNA Delivery by Condensation with Cationic Nanogels Incorporated into Liposomes

Duskunovic, N., Im, S. H., Lee, J. H., & Chung, H. J. (2023) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00089 · Cited by 14

Recent Advances in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems: A Review

Belay, W. Y., Nibret, G., & Aschale, Y. (2023) · Clinical Pharmacology Advances and Applications · doi:10.2147/cpaa.s418314 · Cited by 16

Comprehensive Overview of Vaccines and Theirtypes for Human Immunization

Burghate, S., & Mundada, A. (2023) · Bulletin of pioneering researches of medical and clinical science · doi:10.51847/r1jq49ozbm · Cited by 14

Ionizable Lipids with Branched Linkers Enhance the Delivery of mRNA Vaccines

Liu, J., Sun, W., Xiao, B., Xu, H., Fan, J., Shi, X., Pan, Y., Qi, W. D., Li, R., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c21289 · Cited by 14

Immunoinformatic-driven design and evaluation of multi-epitope mRNA vaccine targeting HIV-1 gp120

Ahmed, M. Z., Rao, T., Mutahir, Z., Ahmed, S., Ullah, N., & Ojha, S. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1480025 · Cited by 14

mRNA vaccines and SiRNAs targeting cancer immunotherapy: challenges and opportunities

Lv, Z., & Dai, Y. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-03070-5 · Cited by 15

A guide to oral vaccination: Highlighting electrospraying as a promising manufacturing technique toward a successful oral vaccine development

Aldossary, A. M., Ekweremadu, C., Offe, I. M., Alfassam, H. A., Han, S., Onyali, V. C., Ozoude, C. H., Ayeni, E. A., Nwagwu, C. S., Halwani, A. A., et al. (2022) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.010 · Cited by 14

Stability of therapeutic nano-drugs during storage and transportation as well as after ingestion in the human body

Nagati, V., Tenugu, S., & Pasupulati, A. K. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88450-1.00020-x · Cited by 14

Intradermal Delivery of Naked mRNA Vaccines via Iontophoresis

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Plasmid DNA and mRNA delivery: Approaches and challenges

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