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Cited by 27Essential Oils and Antimicrobial ActivityPlant biochemistry and biosynthesisFlowering Plant Growth and Cultivation

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Exogenous Paclobutrazol Reinforces the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) Oil through Modulating Its Composition of Oxygenated Terpenes

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El-Sayed, Salwa M., Hassan, Karim. M., Abdelhamid, Ahmed. N., Yousef, Eman E., Abdellatif, Yasmin M. R., Abu-Hussien, Samah H., Nasser, Mohamed A., Elshalakany, Walaa. A., Darwish, Doaa Bahaa Eldin, Abdulmajeed, Awatif M., Alabdallah, Nadiyah M., Al-Qahtani, Salem Mesfir, Al-Harbi, Nadi Awad, Dessoky, Eldessoky S., Ashour, Hatem, Ibrahim, Mohamed F. M.·2022·Plants
DOI 10.3390/plants11121607PMC PMC9230930
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Abstract

Plant growth regulators can affect the primary and secondary metabolites of various plant species. However, the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the composition of lavender oil, especially related to the terpenoid pathway, is still unclear in literatures. In this study, the effect of PBZ as a foliar spray (0.200, 400 and 600 ppm) on the vegetative growth, phytochemical content, and both antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of lavender oil were investigated. The results indicated that all examined PBZ treatments led to a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in growth parameters compared to the untreated plants. Meanwhile, the yield of essential oil was significantly decreased by the treatment of PBZ at 200 ppm compared to the control. In contrast, applied-PBZ significantly enhanced the chlorophyll content and displayed a marked change in the composition of the essential oil. This change included an obvious and significant increase in 3-carene, eucalyptol, γ–terpinene, α-pinocarvone, caryophyllene, β-vetivenene, β-santalol, ledol, geranyl isovalerate, farnesol, caryophyllene oxide, and phytol percentage. Generally, the highest significant values were achieved by the treatment of 400 ppm compared to the other treatments. Furthermore, this treatment showed the highest free radical scavenging activity against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) by 13% over the control. Additionally, to determine the antimicrobial activities of the extracted oil, each treatment was examined against two strains of Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. cereus), two strains of Gram negative bacteria (S. enteritidis and E. coli), and two fungal species (C. albicans and A. niger) represent the yeast modal and filamentous fungus, respectively. The findings demonstrated that all examined species were more sensitive to the oil that was extracted from lavender plants, treated with 400 ppm PBZ, compared to the other concentrations.

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Figures

Figure 1 Effect of paclobutrazole (PBZ) on the vegetative growth of lavender plants and chlorophyll readings by SPAD. Values are the averages of 15 plants ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences according to Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) Test (p < 0.05).
Figure 1 Effect of paclobutrazole (PBZ) on the vegetative growth of lavender plants and chlorophyll readings by SPAD. Values are the averages of 15 plants ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences according to Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) Test (p < 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Effect of paclobutrazole (PBZ) on the yield of lavender essential oil (%) in the dried vegetative parts (leaves and stem). Values are the averages of 3 replicates ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences, according to Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) Test (p < 0.05).
Figure 2 Effect of paclobutrazole (PBZ) on the yield of lavender essential oil (%) in the dried vegetative parts (leaves and stem). Values are the averages of 3 replicates ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences, according to Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) Test (p < 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Comparative volatile compositions of essential oil extracted from untreated and treated lavender plants with paclobutrazole; PBZ: (T1) Venn diagram of volatile compounds of lavender oils extracted from lavender plants, untreated (control) and treated, with PBZ at 200 ppm (T1), (T2) Venn diagram of volatile compounds of lavender oils extracted from lavender plants, untreated (control) and treated, with PBZ at 400 ppm (T2), and (T3) Venn diagram of volatile compounds of lavender oils extracted from lavender plants, untreated (control) and treated, with 600 ppm paclobutrazole PBZ (T3).
Figure 3 Comparative volatile compositions of essential oil extracted from untreated and treated lavender plants with paclobutrazole; PBZ: (T1) Venn diagram of volatile compounds of lavender oils extracted from lavender plants, untreated (control) and treated, with PBZ at 200 ppm (T1), (T2) Venn diagram of volatile compounds of lavender oils extracted from lavender plants, untreated (control) and treated, with PBZ at 400 ppm (T2), and (T3) Venn diagram of volatile compounds of lavender oils extracted from lavender plants, untreated (control) and treated, with 600 ppm paclobutrazole PBZ (T3).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Principal component analysis (PCA) of the essential oil extracted from untreated and treated lavender plants with paclobutrazole.
Figure 4 Principal component analysis (PCA) of the essential oil extracted from untreated and treated lavender plants with paclobutrazole.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 DPPH scavenging activity of different concentrations (100, 150, 200, and 250 µg/mL) of the essential oil extracted from lavender (Lavender officinalis) plants, treated and untreated with paclobutrazole; PBZ. Values are the averages of 3 replicates ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences, according to Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) Test (p < 0.05).
Figure 5 DPPH scavenging activity of different concentrations (100, 150, 200, and 250 µg/mL) of the essential oil extracted from lavender (Lavender officinalis) plants, treated and untreated with paclobutrazole; PBZ. Values are the averages of 3 replicates ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences, according to Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) Test (p < 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil extracted from lavender (Lavender officinalis) plants, treated by paclobutrazole (PBZ) at 0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm, against S. aureus (A), B. cereus (B), S. enterica (C), E. coli (D), C. albicans (E), and A. niger (F). Values are the averages of 3 replicates ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences, according to Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) Test (p < 0.05).
Figure 6 The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil extracted from lavender (Lavender officinalis) plants, treated by paclobutrazole (PBZ) at 0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm, against S. aureus (A), B. cereus (B), S. enterica (C), E. coli (D), C. albicans (E), and A. niger (F). Values are the averages of 3 replicates ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences, according to Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) Test (p < 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 The timeline infographic for the treatments of paclobutrazol (PBZ), as a foliar application at 0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm and the sampling date, to extract the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) plants.
Figure 7 The timeline infographic for the treatments of paclobutrazol (PBZ), as a foliar application at 0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm and the sampling date, to extract the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) plants.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Simplified model for the suggested effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ), as a foliar application, on Lavandula officinalis L., improving the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the extracted oil through modification of its composition from the oxygenated terpenes.
Figure 8 Simplified model for the suggested effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ), as a foliar application, on Lavandula officinalis L., improving the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the extracted oil through modification of its composition from the oxygenated terpenes.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Show all 68 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Salehi, 2018, Plants of the genus Lavandula: From farm to pharmacy, Nat. Prod. Commun., 13, 1934578X1801301037
  2. Sikora, 2008, The application of essentials oils to natural and organic cosmetics, Pol. J. Cosmetol., 11, 89
  3. Vaishnavi, 2021, Strategies to Improve Stability of Essential Oils, J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 13, 416
  4. Ershadi, 2014, Paclobutrazol-induced biochemical changes in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. ‘Malas Saveh’ under freezing stress, Int. J. Hortic. Sci. Technol., 1, 181

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Metadata

Authors
El-Sayed, S. M., Hassan, K. M., Abdelhamid, A. N., Yousef, E. E., Abdellatif, Y. M. R., Abu-Hussien, S. H., Nasser, M. A., Elshalakany, W. A., Darwish, D. B. E., Abdulmajeed, A. M., Alabdallah, N. M., Al-Qahtani, S. M., Al-Harbi, N. A., Dessoky, E. S., Ashour, H., & Ibrahim, M. F. M.
Affiliations
  • Ain Shams University (EG)
  • Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
  • Mansoura University (EG)
  • University of Tabuk (SA)
  • Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (SA)
  • Biology Department, University College of Tayma, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia
  • Taif University (SA)
Corresponding author
Ibrahim, Mohamed F. M.
ORCID
Venue
Plants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-06-19
Volume
11
Issue
12
Pages
1607
ISSN
2223-7747 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/plants11121607
PMC
PMC9230930
OpenAlex
W4283162630
Cited by
25
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
FWCI
2.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Plants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Flowering Plant Growth and Cultivation
Keywords
paclobutrazol, Lavandula angustifolia, lavender essential oil, plant growth regulators, oxygenated terpenes, essential oil composition, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, free radical scavenging, DPPH, essential oil yield, vegetative growth, chlorophyll content, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, foliar application

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