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Cited by 152Advanced Materials and MechanicsAdditive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies3D Printing in Biomedical Research

Artificial Intelligence-Empowered 3D and 4D Printing Technologies toward Smarter Biomedical Materials and Approaches

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Pugliese, Raffaele, Regondi, Stefano·2022·Polymers
DOI 10.3390/polym14142794PMC PMC9319487
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Abstract

In the last decades, 3D printing has played a crucial role as an innovative technology for tissue and organ fabrication, patient-specific orthoses, drug delivery, and surgical planning. However, biomedical materials used for 3D printing are usually static and unable to dynamically respond or transform within the internal environment of the body. These materials are fabricated ex situ, which involves first printing on a planar substrate and then deploying it to the target surface, thus resulting in a possible mismatch between the printed part and the target surfaces. The emergence of 4D printing addresses some of these drawbacks, opening an attractive path for the biomedical sector. By preprogramming smart materials, 4D printing is able to manufacture structures that dynamically respond to external stimuli. Despite these potentials, 4D printed dynamic materials are still in their infancy of development. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could push these technologies forward enlarging their applicability, boosting the design space of smart materials by selecting promising ones with desired architectures, properties, and functions, reducing the time to manufacturing, and allowing the in situ printing directly on target surfaces achieving high-fidelity of human body micro-structures. In this review, an overview of 4D printing as a fascinating tool for designing advanced smart materials is provided. Then will be discussed the recent progress in AI-empowered 3D and 4D printing with open-loop and closed-loop methods, in particular regarding shape-morphing 4D-responsive materials, printing on moving targets, and surgical robots for in situ printing. Lastly, an outlook on 5D printing is given as an advanced future technique, in which AI will assume the role of the fifth dimension to empower the effectiveness of 3D and 4D printing for developing intelligent systems in the biomedical sector and beyond.

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  • Direct ink writing 3D printing of milk using cold extrusion without additives highlights the shear-thinning properties of milk ink.

    “the study on direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing of milk using cold extrusion, without additives, highlights the shear-thinning properties of milk ink [146].”

    From Towards the development of foods 3D printer: Trends and technologies for foods printing (2024) · cites this paper as [146]

    The Introduction and Table 1 (section 4; page unavailable) list direct ink writing as a 3D-printing method, but do not discuss printing milk. Searches for milk ink, cold extrusion, additives, and shear-thinning found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pugliese, R., & Regondi, S.
Affiliations
Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IT)
Corresponding author
Pugliese, Raffaele
ORCID
Venue
Polymers
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-07-08
Volume
14
Issue
14
Pages
2794
ISSN
2073-4360 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/polym14142794
PMC
PMC9319487
OpenAlex
W4285010797
Cited by
152
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 45 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 2
FWCI
1.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Polymers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
Keywords
4D printing, 3D printing, artificial intelligence, smart materials, shape-changing materials, surgical robots, 5D printing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, surgical planning

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