Alginate particles for encapsulation of phenolic extract from Spirulina sp. LEB-18: physicochemical characterization and assessment of in vitro gastrointestinal behavior
Open accessAbstract
Encapsulation can be used as a strategy to protect and control the release of bioactive extracts. In this work, an extract from Spirulina sp. LEB-18, rich in phenolic compounds, was encapsulated in biopolymeric particles (i.e., composed of alginate) and characterized concerning their thermal behavior using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), size, morphology, swelling index (S), and encapsulation efficiency (EE%); the release profile of the phenolic compounds at different pHs and the particle behavior under in vitro gastrointestinal digestion were also evaluated. It was shown that it is possible to encapsulate the phenolic extract from Spirulina sp. LEB-18 in alginate particles with high encapsulation efficiency (88.97%). It was also observed that the particles are amorphous and that the encapsulated phenolic compounds were released at a pH 7.2 but not at pH 1.5, which means that the alginate particles are able to protect the phenolic compounds from the harsh stomach conditions but lose their integrity under intestinal pH conditions. Regarding bioaccessibility, it was observed that the encapsulated phenolic compounds showed higher bioaccessibility compared to phenolic compounds in free form. This work increases the knowledge about the behavior of alginate particles encapsulating phenolic compounds during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. It also provides essential information for designing biopolymeric particle formulations encapsulating phenolic compounds for application in pharmaceutical and food products.
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Encapsulation efficiencies for microalgae-based bioactives such as astaxanthin, phycocyanin, and phenolic extracts vary between 40% and 90%, depending mainly on wall material and encapsulation technique.
“Encapsulation efficiencies (EE) for microalgae-based bioactives, such as astaxanthin, phycocyanin, and phenolic extracts, vary between 40% and 90%, depending mainly on the wall material used and the encapsulation technique (Vieira et al., 2020a; Martínez-Álvarez et al., 2020; Machado et al., 2022).”
From Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design (2025) · cites this paper as Machado et al., 2022
Section 3.2 reports 88.97% encapsulation efficiency for a Spirulina phenolic extract and finds that alginate concentration significantly affected efficiency. This supports the phenolic-extract example and a role for wall-material formulation, but the paper does not establish a 40%–90% range across microalgae bioactives or show that encapsulation technique is a main determinant; it tests one technique. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design
Schneider, A. T., Machado, R. L. S., Dutra, D. A., Machado, E. F., Dias, R. R., Deprá, M. C., Zepka, L. Q., & Jacob-Lopes, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1716473 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Microencapsulated Spirulina Fortified Yoghurt—An Insight into Physicochemical and Sensory Properties
Akshay, P., Paul, P. T., Joy, J. M., Ajeeshkumar, K. K., Amruth, P., Jacob, M. R., Gopika, R., Ninan, G., & Mathew, S. (2025) · Indian Journal of Fisheries · doi:10.21077/ijf.2025.72.3.166590-17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Machado, A. R., Silva, P. M. P., Vicente, A. A., Souza-Soares, L. A., Pinheiro, A. C., & Cerqueira, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (BR)
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (PT)
- Labbels (PT)
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Corresponding author
- Pinheiro, Ana C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Polymers
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-11-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 4759
- ISSN
- 2073-4360 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9654036
- OpenAlex
- W4308548011
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Polymers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Science Without Borders—CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (UIDB/04469/2020, LA/P/0029/2020)
- CSF (Ciência sem fronteiras) (UIDB/04469/2020, LA/P/0029/2020)
- CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) (UIDB/04469/2020, LA/P/0029/2020)
- University of Minho, Braga, Portugal (UIDB/04469/2020, LA/P/0029/2020)
- Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE Portugal) (UIDB/04469/2020, LA/P/0029/2020)
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) (UIDB/04469/2020, LA/P/0029/2020)
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems (UIDB/04469/2020, LA/P/0029/2020)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Microencapsulation and Drying Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Keywords
- alginate particles, encapsulation, phenolic compounds, in vitro digestion, bioaccessibility, pH-dependent release, encapsulation efficiency, swelling index
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