CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 80Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing TechnologiesAdditive Manufacturing Materials and ProcessesInnovations in Concrete and Construction Materials

Post-Production Finishing Processes Utilized in 3D Printing Technologies

Open access
Kantaros, Antreas, Ganetsos, Theodore, Petrescu, Florian, Ungureanu, Liviu, Munteanu, Iulian·2024·Processes
DOI 10.3390/pr12030595
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized production across industries, yet challenges persist in achieving optimal part quality. This paper studies the enhancement of post-processing techniques to elevate the overall quality of AM-produced components. This study focuses on optimizing various post-processing methodologies to address prevalent issues such as surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and material properties. Through an extensive review, this article identifies and evaluates a spectrum of post-processing methods, encompassing thermal, chemical, and mechanical treatments. Special attention is given to their effects on different types of additive manufacturing technologies, including selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and stereolithography (SLA) and their dedicated raw materials. The findings highlight the significance of tailored post-processing approaches in mitigating inherent defects, optimizing surface finish, and enhancing mechanical properties. Additionally, this study proposes novel post-processing procedures to achieve superior quality while minimizing fabrication time and infrastructure and material costs. The integration of post-processing techniques such as cleaning, surface finishing, heat treatment, support structure removal, surface coating, electropolishing, ultrasonic finishing, and hot isostatic pressing (HIP), as steps directly within the additive manufacturing workflow can immensely contribute toward this direction. The outcomes displayed in this article not only make a valuable contribution to the progression of knowledge regarding post-processing methods but also offer practical implications for manufacturers and researchers who are interested in improving the quality standards of additive manufacturing processes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/pr12030595

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Most additive manufacturing processes require post-processing steps, ranging from polishing to heat treatments and coatings, to meet quality standards for aesthetics, functionality, and durability.

    “Most AM processes require post-processing steps, ranging from polishing to heat treatments and coatings, to meet quality standards for aesthetics, functionality, and durability [48].”

    From Towards Sustainability in Hydraulic Machinery Manufacturing by 3D Printing (2024) · cites this paper as [48]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 97

  1. Kantaros, A.; Ganetsos, T.; Piromalis, D. 4D Printing: Technology Overview and Smart Materials Utilized. J. Mechatron. Robot. 2023, 7, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3844/jmrsp.2023.1.14. · DOI
  2. Shahrubudin, N.; Lee, T.C.; Ramlan, R. An Overview on 3D Printing Technology: Technological, Materials, and Applications. Procedia Manuf. 2019, 35, 1286-1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.089. · DOI
  3. Kantaros, A.; Soulis, E.; Petrescu, F.I.T.; Ganetsos, T. Advanced Composite Materials Utilized in FDM/FFF 3D Printing Manu- facturing Processes: The Case of Filled Filaments. Materials 2023, 16, 6210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186210. · DOI
  4. Kantaros, A.; Ganetsos, T.; Petrescu, F.I.T. Transforming Object Design and Creation: Biomaterials and Contemporary Manu- facturing Leading the Way. Biomimetics 2024, 9, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9010048. · DOI
  5. Joshi, S.C.; Sheikh, A.A. 3D Printing in Aerospace and Its Long-Term Sustainability. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 2015, 10, 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2015.1111519. · DOI · Paper page
  6. Aimar, A.; Palermo, A.; Innocenti, B. The Role of 3D Printing in Medical Applications: A State of the Art. J. Healthc. Eng. 2019, 2019, 5340616. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5340616. · DOI
  7. Kantaros, A.; Ganetsos, T. From Static to Dynamic: Smart Materials Pioneering Additive Manufacturing in Regenerative Medi- cine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115748. · DOI
  8. Vaz, V.M.; Kumar, L. 3D Printing as a Promising Tool in Personalized Medicine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021, 22, 49. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-020-01905-8. · DOI
  9. Nichols, M.R. How Does the Automotive Industry Benefit from 3D Metal Printing? Met. Powder Rep. 2019, 74, 257-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2019.07.002. · DOI
  10. Savastano, M.; Amendola, C.; D′Ascenzo, F.; Massaroni, E. 3-D Printing in the Spare Parts Supply Chain: An Explorative Study in the Automotive Industry. In Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 153-170. ISBN 9783319402642.
  11. Piromalis, D.; Kantaros, A. Digital Twins in the Automotive Industry: The Road toward Physical-Digital Convergence. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2022, 5, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5040065. · DOI
  12. Ko, C.-H. Constraints and Limitations of Concrete 3D Printing in Architecture. J. Eng. Des. Technol. 2022, 20, 1334-1348. https://doi.org/10.1108/jedt-11-2020-0456. · DOI
  13. Liu, Z.; Zhang, M.; Bhandari, B.; Wang, Y. 3D Printing: Printing Precision and Application in Food Sector. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 69, 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.018. · DOI · Paper page
  14. Nachal, N.; Moses, J.A.; Karthik, P.; Anandharamakrishnan, C. Applications of 3D Printing in Food Processing. Food Eng. Rev. 2019, 11, 123-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-019-09199-8. · DOI
  15. Peeters, B.; Kiratli, N.; Semeijn, J. A Barrier Analysis for Distributed Recycling of 3D Printing Waste: Taking the Maker Move- ment Perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 241, 118313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118313. · DOI
  16. Kantaros, A.; Laskaris, N.; Piromalis, D.; Ganetsos, T. Manufacturing Zero-Waste COVID-19 Personal Protection Equipment: A Case Study of Utilizing 3D Printing While Employing Waste Material Recycling. Circ. Econ. Sustain. 2021, 1, 851-869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-021-00047-8. · DOI
  17. Abdoli, H.; Diegel, O.; Bickerton, S. Surface Topology Modification Using 3D Printing Techniques to Enhance the Interfacial Bonding Strength between Polymer Substrates and Prepreg Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymers. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2024, 131, 1867-1878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13217-3. · DOI
  18. Kantaros, A.; Diegel, O.; Piromalis, D.; Tsaramirsis, G.; Khadidos, A.O.; Khadidos, A.O.; Khan, F.Q.; Jan, S. 3D Printing: Making an Innovative Technology Widely Accessible through Makerspaces and Outsourced Services. Mater. Today 2022, 49, 2712-2723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.074. · DOI
  19. Stansbury, J.W.; Idacavage, M.J. 3D Printing with Polymers: Challenges among Expanding Options and Opportunities. Dent. Mater. 2016, 32, 54-64.
  20. Antreas, K.; Piromalis, D. Employing a Low-Cost Desktop 3D Printer: Challenges, and How to Overcome Them by Tuning Key Process Parameters. Int. J. Mech. Appl. 2021, 10, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.mechanics.20211001.02. · DOI
  21. Karakurt, I.; Lin, L. 3D Printing Technologies: Techniques, Materials, and Post-Processing. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2020, 28, 134- 143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2020.04.001. · DOI
  22. Lee, S.K.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University; Kim, Y.R.; Kim, S.H.; Kim, J.H. Investigation of the internal stress relaxation in FDM 3D printing: Annealing conditions. J. Korean Soc. Manuf. Process Eng. 2018, 17, 130-136. https://doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2018.17.4.130. · DOI
  23. Baran, E.; Erbil, H. Surface Modification of 3D Printed PLA Objects by Fused Deposition Modeling: A Review. Colloids Interfaces 2019, 3, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids3020043. · DOI
  24. Dizon, J.R.C.; Gache, C.C.L.; Cascolan, H.M.S.; Cancino, L.T.; Advincula, R.C. Post-Processing of 3D-Printed Polymers. Technol- ogies 2021, 9, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies9030061. · DOI
  25. Du Preez, S.; Johnson, A.; LeBouf, R.F.; Linde, S.J.L.; Stefaniak, A.B.; Du Plessis, J. Exposures during Industrial 3-D Printing and Post-Processing Tasks. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2018, 24, 865-871. https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2017-0050. · DOI
  26. Melenka, G.W.; Schofield, J.S.; Dawson, M.R.; Carey, J.P. Evaluation of Dimensional Accuracy and Material Properties of the MakerBot 3D Desktop Printer. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2015, 21, 618-627. https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2013-0093. · DOI
  27. Islam, M.N.; Boswell, B.; Pramanik, A. An Investigation of Dimensional Accuracy of Parts Produced by Three-Dimensional Printing. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2013 IAENG, London, UK, 3-5 July 2013; pp. 522-525.
  28. Wang, W.M.; Zanni, C.; Kobbelt, L. Improved Surface Quality in 3D Printing by Optimizing the Printing Direction. Comput. Graph. Forum 2016, 35, 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12811. · DOI
  29. Arnold, C.; Monsees, D.; Hey, J.; Schweyen, R. Surface Quality of 3D-Printed Models as a Function of Various Printing Param- eters. Materials 2019, 12, 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121970. · DOI
  30. Woern, A.; Byard, D.; Oakley, R.; Fiedler, M.; Snabes, S.; Pearce, J. Fused Particle Fabrication 3-D Printing: Recycled Materials' Optimization and Mechanical Properties. Materials 2018, 11, 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081413. · DOI
  31. Valvez, S.; Silva, A.P.; Reis, P.N.B. Optimization of Printing Parameters to Maximize the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PETG-Based Parts. Polymers 2022, 14, 2564. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132564. · DOI
  32. Sagias, V.D.; Giannakopoulos, K.I.; Stergiou, C. Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Specimens. Procedia Struct. Integr. 2018, 10, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2018.09.013. · DOI
  33. Kantaros, A.; Karalekas, D. FBG Based in Situ Characterization of Residual Strains in FDM Process. In Residual Stress, Thermo- mechanics & Infrared Imaging, Hybrid Techniques and Inverse Problems; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2014; Volume 8, pp. 333-337; ISBN 9783319008752.
  34. Tsintavi, E.; Rekkas, D.M.; Bettini, R. Partial Tablet Coating by 3D Printing. Int. J. Pharm. 2020, 581, 119298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119298. · DOI
  35. Adarkwa, E.; Roy, A.; Ohodnicki, J.; Lee, B.; Kumta, P.N.; Desai, S. 3D Printing of Drug-Eluting Bioactive Multifunctional Coat- ings for Orthopedic Applications. Int. J. Bioprinting 2023, 9, 661. https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i2.661. · DOI
  36. Liu, J.; Mohd Rafiq, N.B.; Wong, L.M.; Wang, S. Surface Treatment and Bioinspired Coating for 3D-Printed Implants. Front. Chem. 2021, 9, 768007. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.768007. · DOI
  37. Balogun, H.A.; Sulaiman, R.; Marzouk, S.S.; Giwa, A.; Hasan, S.W. 3D Printing and Surface Imprinting Technologies for Water Treatment: A Review. J. Water Process Eng. 2019, 31, 100786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100786. · DOI
  38. Piedra-Cascón, W.; Krishnamurthy, V.R.; Att, W.; Revilla-León, M. 3D Printing Parameters, Supporting Structures, Slicing, and Post-Processing Procedures of Vat-Polymerization Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Narrative Review. J. Dent. 2021, 109, 103630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103630. · DOI
  39. Geng, P.; Zhao, J.; Wu, W.; Wang, Y.; Wang, B.; Wang, S.; Li, G. Effect of Thermal Processing and Heat Treatment Condition on 3D Printing PPS Properties. Polymers 2018, 10, 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10080875. · DOI
  40. Monkova, K.; Zetkova, I.; Kučerová, L.; Zetek, M.; Monka, P.; Daňa, M. Study of 3D Printing Direction and Effects of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of MS1 Maraging Steel. Arch. Appl. Mech. 2019, 89, 791-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419- 018-1389-3. · DOI
  41. Žigon, J.; Kariž, M.; Pavlič, M. Surface Finishing of 3D-Printed Polymers with Selected Coatings. Polymers 2020, 12, 2797. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122797. · DOI
  42. Basha, S.M.; Bhuyan, M.; Basha, M.M.; Venkaiah, N.; Sankar, M.R. Laser Polishing of 3D Printed Metallic Components: A Re- view on Surface Integrity. Mater. Today 2020, 26, 2047-2054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.443. · DOI
  43. Leon-Cardenas, C.; Ferretti, P.; Santi, G.M.; Alessandri, G.; Cristofori, M. Replicability Assessment of a 3D-Printed Mold with Advanced Polymers and Chemical Smoothing. Available online: https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2022istanbul/327.pdf (ac- cessed on 14 November 2023).
  44. Moczadlo, M.; Chen, Q.; Cheng, X.; Smith, Z.J.; Caldona, E.B.; Advincula, R.C. On the 3D Printing of Polypropylene and Post- Processing Optimization of Thermomechanical Properties. MRS Commun. 2023, 13, 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-023- 00329-2. · DOI
  45. Mushtaq, R.T.; Wang, Y.; Khan, A.M.; Rehman, M.; Li, X.; Sharma, S. A Post-Processing Laser Polishing Method to Improve Process Performance of 3D Printed New Industrial Nylon-6 Polymer. J. Manuf. Process. 2023, 101, 546-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.06.019. · DOI
  46. Mayer, J.; Stawarczyk, B.; Vogt, K.; Hickel, R.; Edelhoff, D.; Reymus, M. Influence of Cleaning Methods after 3D Printing on Two-Body Wear and Fracture Load of Resin-Based Temporary Crown and Bridge Material. Clin. Oral Investig. 2021, 25, 5987- 5996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03905-9. · DOI
  47. Lambiase, F.; Genna, S.; Leone, C. Laser Finishing of 3D Printed Parts Produced by Material Extrusion. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2020, 124, 105801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2019.105801. · DOI
  48. Jayanth, N.; Jaswanthraj, K.; Sandeep, S.; Mallaya, N.H.; Siddharth, S.R. Effect of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed PLA. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2021, 123, 104764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104764. · DOI
  49. Doh, R.-M.; Kim, J.-E.; Nam, N.-E.; Shin, S.-H.; Lim, J.-H.; Shim, J.-S. Evaluation of Dimensional Changes during Postcuring of a Three-Dimensionally Printed Denture Base According to the Curing Time and the Time of Removal of the Support Structure: An in Vitro Study. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 10000. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110000. · DOI
  50. Haidiezul, A.H.M.; Aiman, A.F.; Bakar, B. Surface Finish Effects Using Coating Method on 3D Printing (FDM) Parts. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 318, 012065. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/318/1/012065. · DOI
  51. Yegyan Kumar, A.; Bai, Y.; Eklund, A.; Williams, C.B. The Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing on Parts Fabricated by Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing. Addit. Manuf. 2018, 24, 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.09.021. · DOI
  52. Jiang, S.; Guo, D.; Zhang, L.; Li, K.; Song, B.; Huang, Y. Electropolishing-Enhanced, High-Precision 3D Printing of Metallic Pentamode Metamaterials. Mater. Des. 2022, 223, 111211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111211. · DOI
  53. Wu, Y.; Wang, H.; Zheng, Z.; Li, X. Design of the 3D Printer Nozzle Cleaning System. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2023, 2450, 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2450/1/012043. · DOI
  54. Kumbhakar, P.; Ambekar, R.S.; Mahapatra, P.L.; Sekhar Tiwary, C. Quantifying Instant Water Cleaning Efficiency Using Zinc Oxide Decorated Complex 3D Printed Porous Architectures. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 418, 126383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhaz- mat.2021.126383. · DOI
  55. Fleischer, J.C.; Diehl, J.C.; Wauben, L.S.G.L.; Dankelman, J. The Effect of Chemical Cleaning on Mechanical Properties of Three- Dimensional Printed Polylactic Acid. J. Med. Device. 2020, 14, 011109. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4046120. · DOI
  56. Neff, C.; Trapuzzano, M.; Crane, N.B. Impact of Vapor Polishing on Surface Roughness and Mechanical Properties for 3D Printed ABS. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2016, 24, 501-508.
  57. Tuazon, B.J.; Espino, M.T.; Dizon, J.R.C. Investigation on the Effects of Acetone Vapor-Polishing to Fracture Behavior of ABS Printed Materials at Different Operating Temperature. Mater. Sci. Forum 2020, 1005, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.sci- entific.net/msf.1005.141. · DOI
  58. Li, Z.; Liu, C.; Wang, B.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z.; Yang, F.; Gao, C.; Liu, H.; Qin, Y.; Wang, J. Heat Treatment Effect on the Mechanical Properties, Roughness and Bone Ingrowth Capacity of 3D Printing Porous Titanium Alloy. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 12471-12483. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra13313h. · DOI
  59. Guduru, K.K.; Srinivasu, G. Effect of Post Treatment on Tensile Properties of Carbon Reinforced PLA Composite by 3D Printing. Mater. Today 2020, 33, 5403-5407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.128. · DOI
  60. Elkaseer, A.; Chen, K.J.; Janhsen, J.C.; Refle, O.; Hagenmeyer, V.; Scholz, S.G. Material Jetting for Advanced Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review, Gaps and Future Directions. Addit. Manuf. 2022, 60, 103270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103270. · DOI
  61. Ni, J.; Ling, H.; Zhang, S.; Wang, Z.; Peng, Z.; Benyshek, C.; Zan, R.; Miri, A.K.; Li, Z.; Zhang, X.; et al. Three-Dimensional Printing of Metals for Biomedical Applications. Mater. Today Bio 2019, 3, 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100024. · DOI
  62. Davoodi, E.; Montazerian, H.; Haghniaz, R.; Rashidi, A.; Ahadian, S.; Sheikhi, A.; Chen, J.; Khademhosseini, A.; Milani, A.S.; Hoorfar, M.; et al. 3D-Printed Ultra-Robust Surface-Doped Porous Silicone Sensors for Wearable Biomonitoring. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 1520-1532. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06283. · DOI
  63. Zhu, J.; Chen, J.L.; Lade, R.K., Jr; Suszynski, W.J.; Francis, L.F. Water-Based Coatings for 3D Printed Parts. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 2015, 12, 889-897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-015-9710-3. · DOI
  64. Lassègue, P.; Salvan, C.; De Vito, E.; Soulas, R.; Herbin, M.; Hemberg, A.; Godfroid, T.; Baffie, T.; Roux, G. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of Cu and CuCrZr Parts: Influence of an Absorptive Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Coating on the Printing Process. Addit. Manuf. 2021, 39, 101888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.101888. · DOI
  65. Baux, A.; Jacques, S.; Allemand, A.; Vignoles, G.L.; David, P.; Piquero, T.; Stempin, M.-P.; Chollon, G. Complex Geometry Macroporous SiC Ceramics Obtained by 3D-Printing, Polymer Impregnation and Pyrolysis (PIP) and Chemical Vapor Deposi- tion (CVD). J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2021, 41, 3274-3284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.01.008. · DOI
  66. Nan Kuo, C.; Wang, Y.P.; Chua, C.K. Effect of Electropolishing on Mechanical Property Enhancement of Ti6Al4V Porous Mate- rials Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 2022, 17, 919-931. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2022.2090383. · DOI
  67. Shrivastava, A.; Anand Kumar, S.; Nagesha, B.K.; Suresh, T.N. Electropolishing of Inconel 718 Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Effect of Heat Treatment on Hardness, 3D Surface Topography and Material Ratio Curve. Opt. Laser Technol. 2021, 144, 107448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107448. · DOI
  68. Mohammadian, N.; Turenne, S.; Brailovski, V. Electropolishing of Laser Powder Bed-Fused IN625 Components in an Ionic Electrolyte. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2019, 3, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3040086. · DOI
  69. Verhaagen, B.; Zanderink, T.; Fernandez Rivas, D. Ultrasonic Cleaning of 3D Printed Objects and Cleaning Challenge Devices. Appl. Acoust. 2016, 103, 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.06.010. · DOI
  70. Maidin, S.; Muhamad, M.; Pei, E. Feasibility Study of Ultrasonic Frequency Application on Fdm to Improve Parts Surface Finish. J. Teknol. 2015, 77, 27-35. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.6983. · DOI
  71. Wahab Hashmi, A.; Singh Mali, H.; Meena, A. Design and Fabrication of a Low-Cost One-Way Abrasive Flow Finishing Set-up Using 3D Printed Parts. Mater. Today 2022, 62, 7554-7563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.647. · DOI
  72. Chen, L.; Fu, Z.; Chen, W.; Chen, Z.; Xiong, W.; Zhu, D.; Lavernia, E.J. Enhancing Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior of Equiatomic FeNiCoCr High-Entropy Alloy through Sintering and Hot Isostatic Pressing for Binder Jet 3D Printing. Addit. Manuf. 2024, 81, 103999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2024.103999. · DOI
  73. Benzing, J.; Hrabe, N.; Quinn, T.; White, R.; Rentz, R.; Ahlfors, M. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) to Achieve Isotropic Microstruc- ture and Retain As-Built Strength in an Additive Manufacturing Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). Mater. Lett. 2019, 257, 126690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126690. · DOI
  74. Kumar, A.; Bai, Y.; Eklund, A.; Williams, C.B. Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing on Copper Parts Fabricated via Binder Jetting. Procedia Manuf. 2017, 10, 935-944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.084. · DOI
  75. Xu, Z.; Zou, B.; Ding, S.; Zhuang, Y.; Wang, X. Study on the Hot Isostatic Pressing Post-Treatment of FDM-3D Printed Contin- uous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites. J. Manuf. Process. 2023, 104, 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.08.060. · DOI
  76. Pagac, M.; Hajnys, J.; Ma, Q.-P.; Jancar, L.; Jansa, J.; Stefek, P.; Mesicek, J. A Review of Vat Photopolymerization Technology: Materials, Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends of 3D Printing. Polymers 2021, 13, 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040598. · DOI
  77. Bahraminasab, M. Challenges on Optimization of 3D-Printed Bone Scaffolds. Biomed. Eng. Online 2020, 19, 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-020-00810-2. · DOI
  78. Laplume, A.O.; Petersen, B.; Pearce, J.M. Global Value Chains from a 3D Printing Perspective. J. Int. Bus. Stud. 2016, 47, 595-609. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2015.47. · DOI · Paper page
  79. Pearce, J.M. Economic Savings for Scientific Free and Open Source Technology: A Review. HardwareX 2020, 8, e00139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2020.e00139. · DOI
  80. Han, Y.; Yang, Z.; Ding, T.; Xiao, J. Environmental and Economic Assessment on 3D Printed Buildings with Recycled Concrete. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 278, 123884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123884. · DOI
  81. Rafiee, M.; Farahani, R.D.; Therriault, D. Multi-Material 3D and 4D Printing: A Survey. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 1902307. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902307. · DOI
  82. Goh, G.L.; Zhang, H.; Chong, T.H.; Yeong, W.Y. 3D Printing of Multilayered and Multimaterial Electronics: A Review. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2021, 7, 2100445. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202100445. · DOI
  83. Keshan Balavandy, S.; Li, F.; Macdonald, N.P.; Maya, F.; Townsend, A.T.; Frederick, K.; Guijt, R.M.; Breadmore, M.C. Scalable 3D Printing Method for the Manufacture of Single-Material Fluidic Devices with Integrated Filter for Point of Collection Col- ourimetric Analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 2021, 1151, 238101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.033. · DOI
  84. Jiménez, M.; Romero, L.; Domínguez, I.A.; Espinosa, M.d.M.; Domínguez, M. Additive Manufacturing Technologies: An Over- view about 3D Printing Methods and Future Prospects. Complexity 2019, 2019, 9656938. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9656938. · DOI
  85. Paraskevoudis, K.; Karayannis, P.; Koumoulos, E.P. Real-Time 3D Printing Remote Defect Detection (Stringing) with Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence. Processes 2020, 8, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111464. · DOI · Paper page
  86. Chen, J.V.; Tanaka, K.S.; Dang, A.B.C.; Dang, A. Identifying a Commercially-Available 3D Printing Process That Minimizes Model Distortion after Annealing and Autoclaving and the Effect of Steam Sterilization on Mechanical Strength. 3D Print. Med. 2020, 6, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41205-020-00062-9. · DOI
  87. Bhandari, S.; Lopez-Anido, R.A.; Gardner, D.J. Enhancing the Interlayer Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced PETG and PLA Composites via Annealing. Addit. Manuf. 2019, 30, 100922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100922. · DOI
  88. Lee, K.-M.; Park, H.; Kim, J.; Chun, D.-M. Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic Surface Using a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer with Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) Filament and Dip Coating with Silica Nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 467-468, 979- 991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.205. · DOI
  89. Khosravani, M.R.; Reinicke, T. On the Environmental Impacts of 3D Printing Technology. Appl. Mater. Today 2020, 20, 100689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100689. · DOI
  90. Rojek, I.; Mikołajewski, D.; Dostatni, E.; Macko, M. AI-Optimized Technological Aspects of the Material Used in 3D Printing Processes for Selected Medical Applications. Materials 2020, 13, 5437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235437. · DOI
  91. Portoacă, A.I.; Ripeanu, R.G.; Diniță, A.; Tănase, M. Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters for Enhanced Surface Quality and Wear Resistance. Polymers 2023, 15, 3419. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163419. · DOI
  92. Tamir, T.S.; Xiong, G.; Fang, Q.; Yang, Y.; Shen, Z.; Zhou, M.; Jiang, J. Machine-Learning-Based Monitoring and Optimization of Processing Parameters in 3D Printing. Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 2023, 36, 1362-1378. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192x.2022.2145019. · DOI
  93. Rachmawati, S.M.; Putra, M.A.P.; Lee, J.M.; Kim, D.S. Digital Twin-Enabled 3D Printer Fault Detection for Smart Additive Man- ufacturing. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 2023, 124, 106430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106430. · DOI
  94. Petousis, M.; Ninikas, K.; Vidakis, N.; Mountakis, N.; Kechagias, J.D. Multifunctional PLA/CNTs Nanocomposites Hybrid 3D Printing Integrating Material Extrusion and CO2 Laser Cutting. J. Manuf. Process. 2023, 86, 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma- pro.2022.12.060. 100. Verma, V.K.; Kamble, S.S.; Ganapathy, L.; Tarei, P.K. Overcoming the Post-Processing Barriers for 3D-Printed Medical Models. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2023, 29, 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2021-0208. 101. Ravichandran, D.; Kakarla, M.; Xu, W.; Jambhulkar, S.; Zhu, Y.; Bawareth, M.; Fonseca, N.; Patil, D.; Song, K. 3D-Printed in-Line and out-of-Plane Layers with Stimuli-Responsive Intelligence. Compos. B Eng. 2022, 247, 110352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.com- positesb.2022.110352. 102. Jani, M.B. In-Situ Monitoring of Additive Manufacturing Using Digital Image Correlation. Available online: https://com- mons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1655&context=edt (accessed on 22 November 2023). 103. · DOI
  95. Nguyen, P.D.; Nguyen, T.Q.; Tao, Q.B.; Vogel, F.; Nguyen-Xuan, H. A Data-Driven Machine Learning Approach for the 3D Printing Process Optimisation. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 2022, 17, 768-786. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2022.2068446. 104. Ma, L.; Yu, S.; Xu, X.; Moses Amadi, S.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Z. Application of Artificial Intelligence in 3D Printing Physical Organ Models. Mater. Today Bio 2023, 23, 100792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100792. 105. Fang, Q.; Xiong, G.; Zhou, M.; Tamir, T.S.; Yan, C.-B.; Wu, H.; Shen, Z.; Wang, F.-Y. Process Monitoring, Diagnosis and Control of Additive Manufacturing. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 2022, 21, 1041-1067. https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3215258. 106. Kantaros, A.; Giannatsis, J.; Karalekas, D. A novel strategy for the incorporation of optical sensors in Fused Deposition Modeling parts. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and Technologies, Stockholm, Sweden, 27-30 October 2013; Universitets Service US AB, KTH Royal Institute of Technology: Stockholm, Sweden, 2013; ISBN 978-91-7501-893-5. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269631461_A_novel_strategy_for_the_incorpo- ration_of_optical_sensors_in_FDM_parts (accessed on 22 November 2023). 107. Pradhan, S.R.; Singh, R.; Banwait, S.S. 3D Printing Assisted Investment Casting of Dental Crowns for Recycling of DMLS Waste. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 2023, 48, 3289-3299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07155-z. 108. Hossain, S.S.; Lu, K. Recent Progress of Alumina Ceramics by Direct Ink Writing: Ink Design, Printing and Post-Processing. Ceram. Int. 2023, 49, 10199-10212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.01.143. 109. Sawant, D.A.; Shinde, B.M.; Raykar, S.J. Post Processing Techniques Used to Improve the Quality of 3D Printed Parts Using FDM: State of Art Review and Experimental Work. Mater. Today 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.09.202. 110. · DOI
  96. Keane, G.; Healy, A.; Devine, D. Post-Processing Methods for 3D Printed Biopolymers. In Additive Manufacturing of Biopolymers; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2023; pp. 229-264; ISBN 9780323951517. 111. Kousiatza, C.; Karalekas, D. In-Situ Monitoring of Strain and Temperature Distributions during Fused Deposition Modeling Process. Mater. Des. 2016, 97, 400-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.02.099. 112. · DOI
  97. Diniță, A.; Neacșa, A.; Portoacă, A.I.; Tănase, M.; Ilinca, C.N.; Ramadan, I.N. Additive Manufacturing Post-Processing Treat- ments, a Review with Emphasis on Mechanical Characteristics. Materials 2023, 16, 4610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134610. 113. Conformity Assessment Procedures for 3D Printing and 3D Printed Products to Be Used in a Medical Context for COVID-19. Available online: https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-09/md_mdcg_qa_3d_ppp_covid-19_en_0.pdf (accessed on 22 November 2023). · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kantaros, A., Ganetsos, T., Petrescu, F., Ungureanu, L., & Munteanu, I.
Affiliations
  • University of West Attica (GR)
  • Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica București (RO)
Corresponding author
  • Kantaros, Antreas
  • Petrescu, Florian
ORCID
Venue
Processes
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-03-15
Volume
12
Issue
3
Pages
595
ISSN
2227-9717 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/pr12030595
OpenAlex
W4392861783
Cited by
80
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 8
FWCI
8.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Processes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
Keywords
post-processing, additive manufacturing, 3D printing, surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, heat treatment, electropolishing, ultrasonic finishing, hot isostatic pressing, support structure removal, surface coating, surface finishing, mechanical properties

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review