Towards Sustainability in Hydraulic Machinery Manufacturing by 3D Printing

May combine two claims.

PETG CF components achieve efficiencies of 26.23%, comparable to those of bronze materials.

“while PETG CF components achieve efficiencies of 26.23%, comparable to those of bronze materials [118].”

• cites [118] Jabłońska, M., Jurczak, W., Ozimina, D., and Adamiak, M. (2023). Increasing the Operational Reliability of a Ship by Using a Composite Impeller in the Event of Hydrophore Pump Failure. Eksploat. I Niezawodn., 25. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The application of additive manufacturing has demonstrated enhancements in efficiency and effectiveness in impellers and is recognized as an efficient method for producing components that are challenging to machine.

“The application of additive manufacturing has demonstrated enhancements in efficiency and effectiveness in impellers and is recognized as an efficient method for producing components that are challenging to machine [51].”

• cites [51] Peng, 2017, Toward a Sustainable Impeller Production: Environmental Impact Comparison of Different Impeller Manufacturing Methods, J. Ind. Ecol. sourcePartly supported

  The 'Additive Manufacturing for Impellers' section calls AM an efficient way to produce complicated or difficult-to-machine components. The 'Implications for Additive Manufacturing' section finds an environmental advantage for the studied impeller, but specifies that it was made by a hybrid additive–conventional process; it does not establish improved impeller effectiveness or a general efficiency gain for wholly additive production. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Processes like SLS reduce production costs, with lead times of approximately two weeks compared to 40-50 weeks for traditional methods.

“Additionally, processes like SLS reduce production costs, with lead times of approximately two weeks compared to 40-50 weeks for traditional methods [135].”

• cites [135] Wang, 2019, Design and Topology Optimization of 3D-Printed Wax Patterns for Rapid Investment Casting, Procedia Manuf. sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusions (page not provided) report lower cost for a low-volume investment-casting case study and a lead time of less than two weeks for fabricating 3D-printed wax-like patterns, versus 40–50 weeks to design and fabricate traditional pattern dies. But the study used material extrusion, not SLS, so it does not establish those cost and lead-time figures for SLS. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The methodology is grounded in a comprehensive literature review adhering to rigorous criteria and methodological recommendations established in the scientific literature, specifically the criteria proposed by [58] and the practical guidelines for methodological reviews outlined by [59].

“The methodology employed in this study is grounded in a comprehensive literature review, adhering to rigorous criteria and methodological recommendations established in the scientific literature.To ensure the validity, clarity, and utility of the analysis, the criteria proposed by [58] and the practical guidelines for methodological reviews outlined by [59] were applied.”

• cites [58] Cooper, 2017, A Comparison of Results of Empirical Studies of Supplementary Search Techniques and Recommendations in Review Methodology Handbooks: A Methodological Review, Syst. Rev. sourcePartly supported

  The Methods and Study selection sections describe a structured methodological review, including systematic study identification, inclusion criteria and data extraction. They do not set out general practical guidelines for methodological reviews; the procedures described are specific to this paper’s comparison of supplementary search techniques and handbook recommendations. The citation therefore supports an example of review practice, but not the claim that general guidelines from this source were applied. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [59] Aguinis, 2023, Best-Practice Recommendations for Producers, Evaluators, and Users of Methodological Literature Reviews, Organ. Res. Methods sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Additive manufacturing has opened a new window of application in hydraulic machinery, creating more valuable components and materials with reliable performance, addressing many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

“Additive manufacturing (AM) has opened a new window of application in hydraulic machinery, creating more valuable components and materials with reliable performance, addressing many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [57].”

• cites [57] Makivskyi, 2024, The Influence of the Design Features of the Submersible Pump Rotor on the Vibration Reliability, J. Eng. Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) links pump development to several SDGs, and the Literature Review (page unavailable) says high-speed pump designs create opportunities to use higher-quality materials and technologies. Neither passage attributes those opportunities to additive manufacturing; the paper instead discusses faster drives, fewer pump stages, and design changes. The claim’s central assertion about AM is therefore unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

For Ti-6Al-4V lattice impellers, residual stress is lower than in solid ones, with a reduction in the maximum residual stress by 8.72%.

“In the case of Ti-6Al-4V applied to impellers, research indicates that residual deformation can be reduced by 20.19% compared to solid compressor impellers, and the residual stress in lattice impellers is lower than in solid ones, with a reduction in the maximum residual stress by 8.72% [71,72].”

• cites [71] Jia, D., Li, F., and Zhang, Y. (2020). 3D-Printing Process Design of Lattice Compressor Impeller Based on Residual Stress and Deformation. Sci. Rep., 10. sourceSupported
• cites [72] Zhang, 2022, Residual Stress and Deformation Analysis of Lattice Compressor Impeller Based on 3D Printing Simulation, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Studies related to microstructural defects produced by additive manufacturing are still sparse, though several mention that the microstructure does not undergo radical changes.

“Studies related to microstructural defects produced by this process are still sparse, though several mention that the microstructure does not undergo radical changes [54][55][56].”

• cites [54] Hernández, F., and Fragoso, A. (2022). Fabrication of a Stainless-Steel Pump Impeller by Integrated 3D Sand Printing and Casting: Mechanical Characterization and Performance Study in a Chemical Plant. Appl. Sci., 12. sourcePartly supported

  The metallographic comparison (section labeled “Dimension,” page unavailable) reports that the impeller cast using a 3D-printed sand mould had a similar microstructure to the original impeller, with variations described as not considerable. This supports the no-radical-change point for this impeller, but the paper does not establish that studies of microstructural defects are sparse or that several studies found similarly small changes. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [55] Yang, 2022, Revealing the Influence of Ultrasound/Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Failure Behavior in 3D-Printing of Inconel 718, J. Mater. Process. Technol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [56] Popa, I.-F., Dobromirescu, C., Vintila, I.S., Tinca, I., Mihai, D., Canache, A.M., and Crunteanu, D.E. (2024). Hydraulic Performance Comparison of Centrifugal Closed Impellers Fabricated by Means of Additive Manufacturing and Classical Machining for Space Active Thermal Control Systems of Satellites. Applied Sciences, 14. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The SLM printing process allows the fabrication of high-precision geometries, ensuring imposed constraints.

“The SLM printing process allows the fabrication of high-precision geometries, ensuring imposed constraints [78].”

• cites [78] Ponticelli, G.S., Tagliaferri, F., Venettacci, S., Horn, M., Giannini, O., and Guarino, S. (2021). Re-Engineering of an Impeller for Submersible Electric Pump to Be Produced by Selective Laser Melting. Appl. Sci., 11. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Processes such as DMLS-LPBF-SLM have demonstrated substantial weight reductions in components, achieving nearly a 30% decrease in the total mass of impellers manufactured from Inconel 718 while also optimizing operational frequencies.

“Processes such as DMLS-LPBF-SLM have demonstrated substantial weight reductions in components, achieving nearly a 30% decrease in the total mass of impellers manufactured from Inconel 718 while also optimizing operational frequencies [69].”

• cites [69] Meli, 2020, A General Framework for Designing 3D Impellers Using Topology Optimization and Additive Manufacturing, IEEE Access sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s “Static and Modal Topology Optimization” section reports that the impeller’s mass was reduced by almost 30% and frequencies around the operational range were optimized. Its materials and manufacturing sections discuss IN718 and select DMLS, but describe printing the redesigned impeller as possible rather than establishing that the nearly 30% reduction was measured in a manufactured impeller. The reported result is from topology optimization, not the manufacturing process alone. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Composite materials were suitable for operating at nominal impeller powers but did not withstand the maximum load that metallic materials can bear.

“Composite materials were suitable for operating at nominal impeller powers but did not withstand the maximum load that metallic materials can bear.”

• cites [128] Mansour, G., Papageorgiou, V., and Tzetzis, D. (2024). Carbon Fiber Polymer Reinforced 3D Printed Composites for Centrifugal Pump Impeller Manufacturing. Technologies, 12. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

A low water absorption rate and chemical resistance were also evident.

“A low water absorption rate and chemical resistance were also evident [128].”

• cites [128] Mansour, G., Papageorgiou, V., and Tzetzis, D. (2024). Carbon Fiber Polymer Reinforced 3D Printed Composites for Centrifugal Pump Impeller Manufacturing. Technologies, 12. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Inconel is a difficult-to-machine material used in components subjected to high temperatures and corrosion resistance.

“Inconel is a difficult-to-machine material used in components subjected to high temperatures and corrosion resistance.”

• cites [131] Newman, 2021, State-of-the-Art Cooling and Lubrication for Machining Inconel 718, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. sourceCould not verify

  The indexed matches are labeled Abstract, which cannot serve as evidence under this audit's rules. Searches for machinability, corrosion, and temperature found no eligible full-text passage establishing the claim about Inconel's applications and properties. (LLM, conf=0.65)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Alumina (Al2O3) can mitigate the effects of erosion and high-temperature corrosion, or remanufacturing processes and coatings with nickel alloys can enhance corrosion resistance.

“Materials like alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) can mitigate the effects of erosion and high-temperature corrosion, or remanufacturing processes and coatings with nickel alloys can enhance corrosion resistance [139,140].”

• cites [139] Zhuk, 2022, Nanostructured CVD W/WC Coating Protects Steam and Gas Turbine Blades Against Water Droplet Erosion, Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [140] Soffel, F., Lin, Y., Keller, D., Egorov, S., and Wegener, K. (2021). Laser Remelting Process Simulation and Optimization for Additive Manufacturing of Nickel-Based Super Alloys. Materials, 15. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (page not provided) says nickel-based superalloys have excellent corrosion resistance and that direct metal deposition of nickel alloys is used to repair components. It does not say that remanufacturing or nickel-alloy coatings enhance corrosion resistance. The alumina clause may pertain to the other citation in the sentence; this paper does not address it. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Studies indicate the need to assess the full life-cycle impact of advanced materials used in Polyjet.

“Studies also indicate the need to assess the full life-cycle impact of advanced materials used in Polyjet [71,103].”

• cites [71] Jia, D., Li, F., and Zhang, Y. (2020). 3D-Printing Process Design of Lattice Compressor Impeller Based on Residual Stress and Deformation. Sci. Rep., 10. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction discusses simulating metal 3D printing to predict deformation and residual stress; the Discussion addresses process feasibility and further mechanical analysis. Neither section addresses Polyjet materials or their full life-cycle impact (searched for the claim’s wording and for Polyjet, lifecycle, and environmental assessment). Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [103] Ivanovich, 2020, Study of Impeller Design Parameters Effect on the Axial Thrust of a Centrifugal Electric Pump Assembly, Sib. Aerosp. Mag.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Ti-6Al-4V is highly used in AM for its high strength, low density, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and high-temperature resistance, although it presents porosity issues.

“Ti-6Al-4V is another material highly used in AM for its high strength, low density, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and high-temperature resistance, although it presents porosity issues, heat treatments, and pressing are performed to correct them [134].”

• cites [134] Pegues, 2020, Fatigue of Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Part I: The Effects of Powder Feedstock, Manufacturing, and Post-Process Conditions on the Resulting Microstructure and Defects, Int. J. Fatigue sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Processes such as SLM exhibit porosity and structural defects, which affect component durability.

“Processes such as SLM exhibit porosity and structural defects, which affect component durability [91,92].”

• cites [91] Liverani, 2019, Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) for Additive Manufacturing Applied to an Innovative Multifunctional Fan, Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. (IJIDeM) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [92] Adach, M., Sokołowski, P., Piwowarczyk, T., and Nowak, K. (2021). Study on Geometry, Dimensional Accuracy and Structure of Parts Produced by Multi Jet Fusion. Materials, 14. sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.3 reports porosity and structural defects in Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) parts and says reducing porosity matters for functional properties. It does not establish these findings specifically for selective laser melting (SLM) or measure component durability. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

AISI316L is one of the most utilized materials across various processes (LMD, BMD, BJP, DMLS-LPBF-SLM) and is highly used in impellers due to its high mechanical strength, corrosion and wear resistance, longevity, high-temperature resistance, ease of maintenance, and good performance at low temperatures.

“It was evidenced that AISI316L is one of the most utilized materials across various processes (LMD, BMD, BJP, DMLS-LPBF-SLM) and is highly used in impellers due to its high mechanical strength, corrosion and wear resistance, longevity, high-temperature resistance, ease of maintenance, and good performance at low temperatures [129,130].”

• cites [129] Jurković, K., Schauperl, Z., Šolić, S., and Bauer, B. (2024). Numerical Simulation of Sand Casting of Stainless Steel Pump Impeller. Metals, 14. sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [130] Kennedy, 2022, Development of a New Cryogenic Tribotester and Its Application to the Study of Cryogenic Wear of AISI 316 Stainless Steel, Wear sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The reuse of sintered powder in technologies such as SLS and the scalability of processes like BMD for industrial applications remain critical areas for improvement.

“Moreover, the reuse of sintered powder in technologies such as SLS and the scalability of processes like BMD for industrial applications remain critical areas for improvement [83,124].”

• cites [83] Kim, 2020, Fabrication of a Ceramic Core for an Impeller Blade Using a 3D Printing Technique and Inorganic Binder, J. Manuf. Process. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [124] Sinha, A., Swain, B., Behera, A., Mallick, P., Samal, S.K., Vishwanatha, H.M., and Behera, A. (2022). A Review on the Processing of Aero-Turbine Blade Using 3D Print Techniques. J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 6. sourceCould not verify

  Section 4.1 describes how SLS sinters powder but does not discuss reusing sintered powder. A search for BMD and industrial scalability found no relevant passage; section 4.3 discusses recycling loose powder in EBM instead. The available passages therefore do not address either claimed area for improvement. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Studies on the use of Inconel 625 via wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) have shown a threefold reduction in energy consumption and a material waste reduction from 85% to 35%.

“For example, studies on the use of Inconel 625 via wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) have shown a threefold reduction in energy consumption and a material waste reduction from 85% to 35% [154].”

• cites [154] Sword, J.I., Galloway, A., and Toumpis, A. (2024). Analysis of Environmental Impact and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Produced Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing. Sustainability, 16. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Research in the subject increased from 2017, reaching its highest peak in 2021 and 2022, although there is not a large amount of research in the area.

“According to Figure 3, it can be observed that from the year 2017, research in the subject increased, reaching its highest peak in 2021 and 2022, although it is notable that there is not a large amount of research in the area.”

May combine two claims.

Powder bed fusion technology accounts for 35% of additive manufacturing applications for turbomachinery components, utilized for high-complexity parts and superalloys.

“The analysis revealed that the most commonly used additive manufacturing technologies for the production of turbomachinery components are FDM, with a 22% application rate, and powder bed fusion technology, accounting for 35%, utilized for high-complexity parts and even superalloys.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study relations focus on topics related to powder bed fusion technologies, design and topological optimization, characterization and use of materials, alloys, and turbine design.

“The study relations focus on topics related to powder bed fusion technologies, design and topological optimization, characterization and use of materials, alloys, turbine design, among other main areas of study.”

May combine two claims.

The direct search for impellers and additive manufacturing yielded 133 documents in Scopus and 96 documents in Web of Science.

“The direct search related to impellers and AM technologies yielded 133 documents in Scopus and 96 documents in WoS, while the search linked to turbomachinery and AM technologies resulted in 188 documents in Scopus and 349 documents in WoS.”

May combine two claims.

The mechanical properties of IN718 are slightly lower than those of forged parts but superior to those of cast components.

“While the mechanical properties of IN718 are slightly lower than those of forged parts, they are superior to those of cast components [70].”

• cites [70] Lea, 2023, Characterization of Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Three-Dimensional-Printed Inconel 718 for Centrifugal Turbomachinery Applications, J. Eng. Gas Turbine Power sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Materials and alloys in different 3D printing technologies are key points for researchers, while topology, design, and optimization are hot topics according to the published research.

“The density analysis (Figure 6) shows the most relevant points of study where the aforementioned topics are most evident.Materials and alloys in different 3D printing technologies are key points for researchers, while topology, design, and optimization are hot topics according to the published research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Co-occurrence analysis generated four main clusters of connections: additive manufacturing, additives, 3D printers, and turbomachinery.

“Using co-occurrence analysis through Vosviewer [63] with Scopus and WoS data, Figure 5 shows that four main clusters of connections have been generated: additive manufacturing, additives, 3D printers, and turbomachinery.”

• cites [63] VOSviewer (2024, June 27). VOSviewer—Visualizing Scientific Landscapes. Available online: https://www.vosviewer.com/.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

More advanced technologies such as SLS and DMLS-LPBF-SLM are increasingly used to produce high-complexity and performance parts.

“More advanced technologies, such as SLS and DMLS-LPBF-SLM, are increasingly used to produce high-complexity and performance parts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The search linked to turbomachinery and additive manufacturing resulted in 188 documents in Scopus and 349 documents in Web of Science.

“The direct search related to impellers and AM technologies yielded 133 documents in Scopus and 96 documents in WoS, while the search linked to turbomachinery and AM technologies resulted in 188 documents in Scopus and 349 documents in WoS.”

May combine two claims.

With AlSi10Mg material, the component manufactured through SLM has a better surface finish compared to the cast component and meets the impeller specification requirements.

“With AlSi10Mg material, it is observed that the component manufactured through SLM has a better surface finish compared to the cast component and meets the impeller specification requirements [74].”

• cites [74] Singh, 2022, Processing and Characterization of Al-Si-Mg Alloy Made through 3D Printing and Comparison with Equivalent Cast Alloy, Mater. Today Proc. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The number of studies on additive manufacturing in turbomachinery is relatively low, but scientific interest, according to publications, has intensified since 2016.

“A co-occurrence analysis was performed, and it was determined that the number of studies is relatively low, considering that scientific interest, according to publications, has intensified since 2016.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In recent years, optimization methods have become more varied, and several techniques have been combined to achieve better results.

“In recent years, optimization methods have become more varied, and several techniques have been combined to achieve better results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Combining manufacturing methods, such as using lost wax for casting, results in lower costs compared to traditional manufacturing.

“It is possible to combine manufacturing methods, for instance, using lost wax for casting, resulting in lower costs compared to traditional manufacturing.”

May combine two claims.

In martensitic steel printing, rotational speed has a linear influence on the critical crack size and a nonlinear influence on the fatigue crack propagation life.

“In martensitic steel printing, the rotational speed has a linear influence on the critical crack size and a nonlinear influence on the fatigue crack propagation life.”

• cites [76] Qu, 2023, Influence of 3D Printing on Compressor Impeller Fatigue Crack Propagation Life, Int. J. Mech. Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The applied heat treatment (solution and aging hardening) showed superior performance and improved tensile strength.

“The applied heat treatment (solution and aging hardening) showed superior performance and improved tensile strength [77].”

• cites [77] Raghavan, 2023, Effect of Post-Treatment on Local Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Impellers Made of Maraging Steel, Rapid. Prototyp. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Martensitic steel shows changes in pore size and difficulty in repeatability of results, but there is no variation in total porosity.

“Martensitic steel shows changes in pore size and difficulty in repeatability of results, but there is no variation in total porosity.”

• cites [77] Raghavan, 2023, Effect of Post-Treatment on Local Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Impellers Made of Maraging Steel, Rapid. Prototyp. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

FDM can reduce costs and improve performance but has limitations such as the production of large components, load limitations, costs, and damage in post-processing.

“Similarly, the results obtained from FDM demonstrate that it is possible to reduce costs and improve performance, but it shows limitations such as the production of large components, load limitations, costs, and damage in post-processing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CNC processes offer options for repairing impellers in mixed processes.

“The same can be done with CNC processes, which offer options for repairing impellers in mixed processes, or by combining various processes to achieve different types of optimizations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Al2O3 is used in ceramic components, rotors, microturbines, ceramic cores, or matrices.

“Al 2 O 3 is used in ceramic components, rotors, microturbines, ceramic cores, or matrices [84].”

• cites [84] Chivel, Y., Sudarev, A., and Konakov, V. (2016, January 9–13). Additive Manufacturing Technology of Ceramic Turbomachines. Proceedings of the European Congress and Exhibition on Powder Metallurgy. European PM Conference Proceedings, Hamburg, Germany.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The concentration of applications is commonly found in compressors and centrifugal pumps.

“The concentration of applications is commonly found in compressors and centrifugal pumps.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

DMLS-LPBF-SLM has optimized operational frequencies.

“High dimensional accuracy, excellent material strength, up to 30% weight reduction, and optimized operational frequencies.”

May combine two claims.

The value of stress gradually increases as the speeds of the impeller increase; thus, mechanical properties are influential in the design of turbomachinery.

“Regarding the relationship between speed and material, it is known that the value of the stress gradually increases as the speeds of the impeller increase; thus, mechanical properties are influential in the design of turbomachinery [147].”

• cites [147] Iyankumar, 2020, Modeling and Assessment of Pump Impeller, Mater. Today Proc. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Advanced methods, such as those implemented by [81], facilitate the production of 3D motors with high structural strength and minimal core loss, emphasizing the energy efficiency and operational performance of these technologies.

“Finally, advanced methods, such as those implemented by [81], facilitate the production of 3D motors with high structural strength and minimal core loss, emphasizing the energy efficiency and operational performance of these technologies.”

• cites [81] Wu, 2020, Application of Magnetic Metal 3-D Printing on the Integration of Axial-Flow Impeller Fan Motor Design, IEEE Trans. Magn. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

PU and PETG CF are associated with specific applications such as flotation machines and radial turbines, respectively.

“Materials like PU and PETG CF are associated with specific applications such as flotation machines and radial turbines, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

AM alloys may be affected by heat and can contain residual stresses created by the manufacturing process itself.

“Although many materials exhibit good qualities by being stainless, AM alloys may be affected by heat and can contain residual stresses created by the manufacturing process itself [139].”

• cites [139] Zhuk, 2022, Nanostructured CVD W/WC Coating Protects Steam and Gas Turbine Blades Against Water Droplet Erosion, Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Polymeric materials are not suitable for high-revolution work, but in demonstrated applications, they have improved performance parameters, costs, and sustainability.

“Although polymeric materials are not suitable for high-revolution work, in demonstrated applications, they have improved performance parameters, costs, and sustainability”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The DMLS-LPBF-SLM processes use materials with higher resistance capabilities and can work with superalloys, despite being more costly.

“Despite being more costly, the DMLS-LPBF-SLM processes use materials with higher resistance capabilities and can work with superalloys”

May combine two claims.

EBM enables the restoration of worn or out-of-service components, enhancing sustainability by extending their operational lifespan.

“In terms of repair and reuse, EBM enables the restoration of worn or out-of-service components, enhancing sustainability by extending their operational lifespan [96].”

• cites [96] Wang, 2017, Study of Direct Fabrication of a Ti-6Al-4V Impeller on a Wrought Ti-6Al-4V Plate by Electron Beam Melting, Jom sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

ABS and PLA are versatile materials used in different types of turbomachinery, like centrifugal compressors, turboexpanders, and centrifugal pumps.

“Those materials, such as ABS and PLA, are versatile materials used in different types of turbomachinery, like centrifugal compressors, turboexpanders, and centrifugal pumps.”

May combine two claims.

Technologies such as DLP, applied to ceramic materials like Si3N4, meet the demands of high-temperature and molten transfer applications, expanding the possibilities of sustainable manufacturing.

“Furthermore, technologies such as DLP, applied to ceramic materials like Si3N4, meet the demands of high-temperature and molten transfer applications, expanding the possibilities of sustainable manufacturing [102].”

• cites [102] Zhao, 2024, Digital Light Processing of High-Strength Si3N4 Ceramics: Role of Particle Grading on Slurries Curing and Mechanical Properties, Ceram Int. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

EBM technologies face high energy consumption during production and significant material recovery costs in post-processing.

“Similarly, EBM technologies face high energy consumption during production and significant material recovery costs in post-processing [94,96].”

• cites [94] Klocke, 2014, Turbomachinery Component Manufacture by Application of Electrochemical, Electro-Physical and Photonic Processes, CIRP Ann. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [96] Wang, 2017, Study of Direct Fabrication of a Ti-6Al-4V Impeller on a Wrought Ti-6Al-4V Plate by Electron Beam Melting, Jom sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Corrosion can impact the performance of critical components and can form depletion zones in various elements.

“Studies show that corrosion can impact the performance of critical components and can form depletion zones in various elements [138].”

• cites [138] Kanesund, 2020, High Temperature Corrosion Influence on Deformation and Damage Mechanisms in Turbine Blades Made of IN-792 during Service, Eng. Fail. Anal. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

DMLS-LPBF-SLM enables up to 30% weight reduction.

“High dimensional accuracy, excellent material strength, up to 30% weight reduction, and optimized operational frequencies.”

May combine two claims.

Reducing the roughness of the impeller positively affects the efficiency of the pump and energy requirements, although flow handling tends to be lower with polymeric materials.

“Regarding the surface, reducing the roughness of the impeller positively affects the efficiency of the pump and energy requirements, although flow handling tends to be lower with polymeric materials [149].”

• cites [149] Akdemir, 2006, Effect of Impeller Materials on Centrifugal Pump Characteristics, Agric. Mech. Asia Afr. Lat. Am.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Methods like FDM generate considerable waste due to support structures, increasing costs and material losses.

“Methods like FDM generate considerable waste due to support structures, increasing costs and material losses [114].”

• cites [114] Tamburrino, 2021, Post-Processing Treatments to Enhance Additively Manufactured Polymeric Parts: A Review, Virtual Phys. Prototyp. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Powder Bed Fusion Technology encompasses various methods, including DMLS or SLM, SLS, MJF, and EBM.

“According to [65], Powder Bed Fusion Technology encompasses various methods, including Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) or Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Multi Jet Fusion (MJF), and Electron Beam Melting (EBM).”

• cites [65] Systèmes, D. (2018). Introduction to 3D Printing–Additive Processes. Dassault Syst.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Despite challenges such as size limitations, load capacity, and post-processing costs associated with FDM, the prospects for cost reduction and performance improvement are highly promising.

“Despite challenges such as size limitations, load capacity, and post-processing costs associated with Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), the prospects for cost reduction and performance improvement are highly promising.”

May combine two claims.

AM in turbomachinery offers significant benefits in terms of sustainability, notably optimizing material usage, energy consumption, and production times.

“AM in turbomachinery offers significant benefits in terms of sustainability, notably optimizing material usage, energy consumption, and production times.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As a novelty, the methodology addresses an analysis of the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of non-classical materials in the manufacture of impellers.

“As a novelty, the methodology addresses an analysis of the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of non-classical materials in the manufacture of impellers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The advancements studied establish a solid foundation for mitigating the combined effects of wear, including erosion, cavitation, and corrosion, through the integration of Industry 4.0 digital enablers, such as digital twins and advanced simulations.

“Furthermore, the advancements studied establish a solid foundation for mitigating the combined effects of wear, including erosion, cavitation, and corrosion, through the integration of Industry 4.0 digital enablers, such as digital twins and advanced simulations.”

May combine two claims.

To meet sustainability requirements, additive manufacturing contributes to reductions in energy consumption, production costs, lead times, material waste, and greenhouse gas emissions while promoting circular economy practices.

“To meet sustainability requirements, AM contributes to reductions in energy consumption, production costs, lead times, material waste, and greenhouse gas emissions while promoting circular economy practices [43].”

• cites [43] Hegab, 2023, Design for Sustainable Additive Manufacturing: A Review, Sustain. Mater. Technol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The application of 3D-printed materials in pumps is not only feasible but also highly advantageous.

“This makes the application of 3D-printed materials in pumps not only feasible but also highly advantageous.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reviews were excluded, and scientific articles, conference papers, conference reviews, and book chapters were considered.

“Reviews were excluded, and scientific articles, conference papers, conference reviews, and book chapters were considered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Integrating AM with traditional manufacturing techniques, such as lost-wax casting or CNC machining, can further enhance process efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

“Additionally, integrating AM with traditional manufacturing techniques, such as lost-wax casting or CNC machining, can further enhance process efficiency and cost-effectiveness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

One advantage of additive manufacturing is the variety of materials it employs, such as polymers, metals, composites, and ceramics, in addition to generating complex geometries.

“One of the advantages of additive manufacturing is the variety of materials it employs, such as polymers, metals, composites, and ceramics, in addition to generating complex geometries [52].”

• cites [52] Andrearczyk, 2020, Numerical and Experimental Investigations of a Turbocharger with a Compressor Wheel Made of Additively Manufactured Plastic, Int. J. Mech. Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The adopted methodology ensures a rigorous and systematic approach in the collection, filtering, and analysis of relevant information, leading to solid and applicable conclusions about the use of additive manufacturing in the production of turbomachinery components.

“The adopted methodology ensures a rigorous and systematic approach in the collection, filtering, and analysis of relevant information, leading to solid and applicable conclusions about the use of additive manufacturing in the production of turbomachinery components.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Only studies that provided clear evidence of performance in real applications were included, ensuring that the derived conclusions were applicable and useful for the industry.

“Only those studies that provided clear evidence of performance in real applications were included, ensuring that the derived conclusions were applicable and useful for the industry.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Studies based on unverified simulations or using obsolete technologies were excluded to maintain a focus on recent and relevant empirical studies that reflect the current capabilities of the technology.

“Studies based on unverified simulations or using obsolete technologies were excluded to maintain a focus on recent and relevant empirical studies that reflect the current capabilities of the technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These developments enable the creation of more complex and optimized geometries, significantly improving the performance and efficiency of impellers and other critical components.

“These developments enable the creation of more complex and optimized geometries, significantly improving the performance and efficiency of impellers and other critical components.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Stereolithography (SLA) and MultiJet (MJ) printing can offer more suitable surface finishes due to their production processes.

“However, significant differences exist among 3D printing methods; for example, Stereolithography (SLA) and MultiJet (MJ) printing can offer more suitable surface finishes due to their production processes [53].”

• cites [53] Parize, 2022, Digital versus Conventional Workflow for the Fabrication of Physical Casts for Fixed Prosthodontics: A Systematic Review of Accuracy, J. Prosthet. Dent. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This research provides a deeper understanding of the advancements in AM for the production of turbomachinery components, highlighting the use of materials such as Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 718, and reinforced polymers, which offer enhanced resistance to corrosion, wear, and high temperatures.

“This research provides a deeper understanding of the advancements in AM for the production of turbomachinery components, highlighting the use of materials such as Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 718, and reinforced polymers, which offer enhanced resistance to corrosion, wear, and high temperatures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Priority was given to studies published in higher quartile journals (Q1 and Q2), as these tend to offer more rigorous and reliable research.

“To ensure the validity and relevance of the information gathered, priority was given to studies published in higher quartile journals (Q1 and Q2), as these tend to offer more rigorous and reliable research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The introduction of additive manufacturing technologies combined with other standard manufacturing methodologies could yield reasonable benefits regarding production time and component availability.

“The introduction of additive manufacturing technologies combined with other standard manufacturing methodologies could yield reasonable benefits regarding production time and component availability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Additive manufacturing has emerged as a versatile and innovative approach for producing turbomachinery components.

“Additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a versatile and innovative approach for producing turbomachinery components.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Materials such as Inconel 718, Inconel 625, Ti-6Al-4V (Titanium), and Si3N4 (Silicon Nitride) are excellent choices for additive manufacturing due to their high corrosion resistance and ability to withstand extreme conditions.

“Materials such as Inconel 718, Inconel 625, Ti-6Al-4V (Titanium), and Si 3 N 4 (Silicon Nitride) are excellent choices for additive manufacturing due to their high corrosion resistance and ability to withstand extreme conditions.”