Pyrometallurgical lithium-ion-battery recycling: Approach to limiting lithium slagging with the indured reactor concept
Open accessAbstract
The complexity of the waste stream of spent lithium-ion batteries poses numerous challenges on the recycling industry. Pyrometallurgical recycling processes have a lot of benefits but are not able to recover lithium from the black matter since lithium is slagged due to its high oxygen affinity. The presented InduRed reactor concept might be a promising novel approach, since it does not have this disadvantage and is very flexible concerning the chemical composition of the input material. To prove its basic suitability for black matter processing, heating microscope experiments, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry have been conducted to characterize the behavior of nickel rich cathode materials (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2) as well as black matter from a pretreatment process under reducing conditions. Another experimental series in a lab scale InduRed reactor was further used to investigate achievable transfer coefficients for the metals of interest. The promising results show technically feasible reaction temperatures of 800 ∘C to 1000 ∘C and high recovery potentials for nickel, cobalt and manganese. Furthermore, the slagging of lithium was largely prevented and a lithium removal rate of up to 90% of its initial mass was achieved.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In conventional pyrometallurgical recycling, metals with low oxygen affinity, such as Ni and Co, are recovered together as an alloy known as 'matte'.
“metals with low oxygen affinity, such as Ni and Co, are recovered together as an alloy known as ' matte. '”
From Global warming potential of lithium-ion battery cell production: Determining influential primary and secondary raw material supply routes (2023) · cites this paper as Windisch-Kern et al., 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
LixCoO2 (0<x<-1): A new cathode material for batteries of high energy density
Mizushima, K., Jones, P. C., Wiseman, P. J., & Goodenough, J. B. (1980) · Materials Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0025-5408(80)90012-4 · Cited by 3,866 · see citing works
Automotive Li-Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Ding, Y., Cano, Z. P., Yu, A., Lu, J. B., & Chen, Z. (2018) · Electrochemical Energy Reviews · doi:10.1007/s41918-018-0022-z · Cited by 1,374 · see citing works
Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives
Huang, B., Pan, Z., Su, X., & An, L. (2018) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.116 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of lithium recovery: A critical review
Liu, C., Lin, J., Cao, H., Zhang, Y., & Sun, Z. H. I. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.304 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030
Berckmans, G. J., Messagie, M., Smekens, J., Omar, N., Vanhaverbeke, L., & Mierlo, J. V. (2017) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en10091314 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
He, L.-P., Sun, S., Mu, Y., Song, X., & Yu, J. (2016) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02056 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Mishra, D., Kim, D.-J., Ralph, D. E., Ahn, J.-G., & Rhee, Y.-H. (2008) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.010 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
A study of the separation of cobalt from spent Li-ion battery residues
Dorella, G., & Mansur, M. B. (2007) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.025 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: a Review of Current Processes and Technologies
Li, L., Zhang, X., Li, M., Chen, R., Wu, F., Amine, K., & Lu, J. B. (2018) · Electrochemical Energy Reviews · doi:10.1007/s41918-018-0012-1 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Xin, Y., Guo, X., Chen, S., Wang, J., Wu, F., & Xin, B. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.001 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Heydarian, A., Mousavi, S. M., Vakilchap, F., & Baniasadi, M. (2017) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.12.009 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Bahaloo-Horeh, N., Mousavi, S. M., & Baniasadi, M. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.299 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Zeng, G., Deng, X., Luo, S., Luo, X., & Zou, J. (2011) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.063 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Mao, J., Li, J., & Xu, Z. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.098 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Kwon, O.-S., & Sohn, I. (2020) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104809 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Recycling Chain for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries
Werner, D. M., Peuker, U. A., & Mütze, T. (2020) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met10030316 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Influence of silver ions on bioleaching of cobalt from spent lithium batteries
Zeng, G., Luo, S., Deng, X., Li, L., & Au, C. (2013) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2013.04.021 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Gao, R., & Xu, Z. (2018) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.096 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ghassa, S., Farzanegan, A., Gharabaghi, M., & Abdollahi, H. (2020) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105465 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Lithium ion car batteries: Present analysis and future predictions
Arambarri, J., Hayden, J., Elkurdy, M., Meyers, B., Hamatteh, Z. S. A., Abbassi, B., & Omar, W. S. (2019) · Environmental Engineering Research · doi:10.4491/eer.2018.383 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Recycling von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien
Heimes, H. H., Kampker, A., Offermanns, C., et al. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65812-3_43 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pyrometallurgical Routes for the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries
Yin, H., & Xing, P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31834-5_3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ponak, C., Mally, V., Windisch, S., et al. (2020) · Advanced Materials Letters · doi:10.5185/amlett.2020.071535 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationLithium-Ion Battery Recycling Through Secondary Aluminum Production
Beheshti, R., Tabeshian, A., & Aune, R. E. (2017) · The minerals, metals & materials series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52192-3_26 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Vest, M., & Verlag, S. (2016) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ponak, C. (2019) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Arambarri, J.; Hayden, J. Lithium ion car batteries: Present analysis and future predictions. Environ. Eng. Res. 2019, 4, 699-710.
- Elwert, T.; Frank, F. 2020, Auf dem Weg zu einem geschlossenen Stoffkreislauf für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. In Recycling und Sekundärrohstoffe; Thomé-Kozmiensky, E., Holm, O., Eds.; TK Verlag: Neuruppin, Germany, 2018; pp. 525-530.
- Schönberg, A. Mathematische Modellierung metallurgischer Prozesse-Induktive Erwärmung einer Graphitschüttung. Ph.D. Thesis, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Germany, 11 December 2014.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Balaram, V., Santosh, M., Satyanarayanan, M., Srinivas, N., & Gupta, H. (2024) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101868 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Critical Review of Lithium Recovery Methods: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions
Jose, S. A., Stoll, J. L., Smith, T., Jackson, C., Dieleman, T., Leath, E., Eastwood, N., & Menezes, P. L. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12102203 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Abdelbaky, M., Schwich, L., Henriques, J., Friedrich, B., Peeters, J. R., & Dewulf, W. (2023) · Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain · doi:10.1016/j.clscn.2023.100130 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Windisch-Kern, S., Holzer, A., Ponak, C., & Raupenstrauch, H.
- Affiliations
- Chair of Thermal Processing Technology, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
- Montanuniversität Leoben (AT)
- Venue
- Processes
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84
- ISSN
- 2227-9717 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3118353777
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Processes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Molten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes
- Keywords
- lithium-ion battery recycling, pyrometallurgy, spent battery cathodes, Ni-rich cathodes, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, lithium recovery, high-temperature reduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
