The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Overview and Results
Open accessAbstract
The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) is a 16-item self-report measure designed to assess ordinary experiences of connection with the transcendent in daily life. It includes constructs such as awe, gratitude, mercy, sense of connection with the transcendent and compassionate love. It also includes measures of awareness of discernment/inspiration and a sense of deep inner peace. Originally developed for use in health studies, it has been increasingly used more widely in the social sciences, for program evaluation, and for examining changes in spiritual experiences over time. Also it has been used in counseling, addiction treatment settings, and religious organizations. It has been included in longitudinal health studies and in the U.S. General Social Survey which established random-sample population norms. It has publications on its psychometric validity in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, German and Mandarin Chinese. Translations have been made into twenty languages including Hindi, Hebrew and Arabic and the scale has been effectively used in a variety of cultures. The 16-item scale does not have a psychometrically representative shorter form although a 6-item adaptation has been used. The DSES was developed using extensive qualitative testing in a variety of groups, which has helped its capacity to be useful in a variety of settings. It was constructed to reflect an overlapping circle model of spirituality/religiousness and contains items that are more specifically theistic in nature, as well as items to tap the spiritual experience of those who are not comfortable with theistic language. The scale has been used in over 70 published studies. This paper will provide an overview of the scale itself, describe why it has proved useful, and discuss some studies using the scale. See http://www.dsescale.org/ for more information on the scale.
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The DSES has good convergent validity with other measures of spiritual and religious experiences.
“The scale has good convergent validity with other measures of spiritual and religious experiences (e.g., Underwood, 2011).”
From I've Seen Enough: Measuring the Toll of Content Moderation on Mental Health (2025) · cites this paper as Underwood, 2011
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Confirming the Tripartite Structure of the Duke University Religion Index: A Methodological Approach
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Gratitude and life satisfaction: the mediating role of spirituality among Filipinos
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Psychometric Analysis of the Czech Version of the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire
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Implications of Tamarkoz on stress, emotion, spirituality and heart rate
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Experience of Spiritual Dryness and Acedia Symptoms in Seventh-Day Adventists
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Friluftsliv: Aesthetic and Psychological Experience of Wilderness Adventure
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Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain
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The spiritual engagement instrument
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Utilizing Psychedelics to Enhance Well-Being: A Systematic Review
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Underwood, L. G.
- Affiliations
- Research Integration, 37 Forest Drive, Chagrin Falls, OH 44022, USA
- Corresponding author
- Underwood, Lynn G.
- Venue
- Religions
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-01-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-50
- ISSN
- 2077-1444 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969964633
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Religions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Social Sciences › Demography › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Keywords
- Daily Spiritual Experience Scale, spiritual experience, transcendence, awe, gratitude, mercy, compassionate love, inner peace, discernment, cross-cultural measurement, psychometric validation, scale development
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