The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 136 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Advances in Photopletysmography Signal Analysis for Biomedical Applications
Open accessAbstract
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is an important tool for the analysis of a patient’s physiological conditions, as well a method aiding the diagnosis of cardiopathies. Photoplethysmography (PPG) is an optical technique applied in the monitoring of the HRV and its adoption has been growing significantly, compared to the most commonly used method in medicine, Electrocardiography (ECG). In this survey, definitions of these technique are presented, the different types of sensors used are explained, and the methods for the study and analysis of the PPG signal (linear and nonlinear methods) are described. Moreover, the progress, and the clinical and practical applicability of the PPG technique in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases are evaluated. In addition, the latest technologies utilized in the development of new tools for medical diagnosis are presented, such as Internet of Things, Internet of Health Things, genetic algorithms, artificial intelligence and biosensors which result in personalized advances in e-health and health care. After the study of these technologies, it can be noted that PPG associated with them is an important tool for the diagnosis of some diseases, due to its simplicity, its cost–benefit ratio, the easiness of signals acquisition, and especially because it is a non-invasive technique.
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![Figure 1 Mortality rates by NTCD per 100,000 habitants, all ages, for region of WHO, 2012 [9].](/paper-figures/4c8321025cee4435ba284246ff03c04e/advances-in-photopletysmography-signal-analysis-for-biomedical-applications-figure-1.jpg)


![Figure 4 Different measurement points of PTT [45].](/paper-figures/51cf1081bdc34cf69f7ac9bfdac0f488/advances-in-photopletysmography-signal-analysis-for-biomedical-applications-figure-4.jpg)
![Figure 5 Representation of the operation of photoplethysmography sensors for finger application, by transmission (a) and by reflection (b). Adapted from [58].](/paper-figures/ba624af9bcf14975bf07097ce054c7fc/advances-in-photopletysmography-signal-analysis-for-biomedical-applications-figure-5.jpg)
![Figure 6 Working principle of PPG sensors [19].](/paper-figures/36cdcbf578514ece9ade2586b7cbed0e/advances-in-photopletysmography-signal-analysis-for-biomedical-applications-figure-6.jpg)

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“PPG signals are low-amplitude signals and have a normal pulse frequency within the range of 0.5 to 4 Hz [195,196].”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [196]
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Cites
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Massaroni, C., Nicolò, A., Presti, D. L., Sacchetti, M., Silvestri, S., & Schena, E. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19040908 · Cited by 465
Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: Pushing Toward the Limits and Beyond
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Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring
Fine, J., Branan, K. L., Rodriguez, A. J., Boonya-ananta, T., Ajmal, Ramella-Roman, J. C., McShane, M. J., & Coté, G. L. (2021) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios11040126 · Cited by 348
Photoplethysmography based atrial fibrillation detection: a review
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Elhoseny, M., Shankar, K., Lakshmanaprabu, S. K., Maseleno, A., & Arunkumar, N. (2018) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-018-3801-x · Cited by 241
Retracted
Metadata
- Authors
- Moraes, J. L., Rocha, M. X., Vasconcelos, G. G., Vasconcelos Filho, J. E., De Albuquerque, V. H. C., & Alexandria, A. R.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (BR)
- Hospital de Messejana (BR)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática Aplicada, Laboratório de Bioinformática, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60811-905, Ceará, Brazil
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-06-09
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1894
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6022166
- OpenAlex
- W2808345783
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (304315/2017-6)
- Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (no number)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- photoplethysmography, heart rate variability, PPG signal analysis, cardiovascular disease diagnosis, non-invasive monitoring, PPG sensor, Internet of Medical Things, artificial intelligence, genetic algorithm, biosensors, e-health, Internet of Things
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Humans, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Photoplethysmography, Telemedicine
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