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Passive Sensing of Prediction of Moment-To-Moment Depressed Mood among Undergraduates with Clinical Levels of Depression Sample Using Smartphones
Open accessAbstract
Prior research has recently shown that passively collected sensor data collected within the contexts of persons daily lives via smartphones and wearable sensors can distinguish those with major depressive disorder (MDD) from controls, predict MDD severity, and predict changes in MDD severity across days and weeks. Nevertheless, very little research has examined predicting depressed mood within a day, which is essential given the large amount of variation occurring within days. The current study utilized passively collected sensor data collected from a smartphone application to future depressed mood from hour-to-hour in an ecological momentary assessment study in a sample reporting clinical levels of depression (N = 31). Using a combination of nomothetic and idiographically-weighted machine learning models, the results suggest that depressed mood can be accurately predicted from hour to hour with an average correlation between out of sample predicted depressed mood levels and observed depressed mood of 0.587, CI [0.552, 0.621]. This suggests that passively collected smartphone data can accurately predict future depressed mood among a sample reporting clinical levels of depression. If replicated in other samples, this modeling framework may allow just-in-time adaptive interventions to treat depression as it changes in the context of daily life.
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“Multimodal and intensive sampling data streams (for example, experience sampling and passive measures gathered through smartphones and other electronic devices) used in some MBI studies133 and mental health research broadly134,135 might be particularly promising inputs for machine learning models, given that these models can often handle many correlated predictors136.”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [136]
In the citing paper
“This type of research has established that passive sensor data can be used to predict various symptoms of mental disorders or mental health problems (23, 33–38), as well as their future development [e.g., (39)].”
From Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“However, it has been recognised that the inherent clinical heterogeneity associated with mental disorders may necessitate a greater focus on inter-individual differences to ensure generalisability to unseen cases (39, 43, 44).”
From Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“only two studies have combined these data streams in models to monitor changing depressive symptoms (26, 27).”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“This has resulted in possible reliability problems, since these investigations have primarily focused on detecting presence or absence of depression rather than on assessing its severity, and they have shown overall low accuracy (14–18, 23–27).”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Those studies conducted with patients with depression have mostly relied on self-report questionnaires to assign diagnoses and/or measure variation in symptoms and train the models.”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Previous models estimating mood states with moderate accuracy have included measures of heart rate (HR) (27, 44) and HRV (26).”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Previous evaluations of models to estimate depression passively have primarily relied on examining correlations between estimated and observed symptoms (18, 26, 27).”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“was higher than the one of a previous model combining features from the fitbit and from smartphones (the best model yielded an r2 = 0.44 or r = 0.66) (27) and the one of a model aggregating mobile-based and physiological features (r = 0.58) (26).”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jacobson, N. C., & Chung, Y. J.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jacobson, Nicholas C.
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-06-24
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3572
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7349045
- OpenAlex
- W3037651932
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 15.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA029926)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- passive sensing, major depressive disorder, smartphone sensor data, ecological momentary assessment, just-in-time adaptive interventions
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Affect, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Students
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