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Cited by 34Cryptography and Data SecurityAdvanced Authentication Protocols SecurityChaos-based Image/Signal Encryption

Secure Video Surveillance Framework in Smart City

Open access
Li, Hao, Xiezhang, Tianhao, Yang, Cheng, Deng, Lianbing, Yi, Peng·2021·Sensors
DOI 10.3390/s21134419PMC PMC8271794
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

In the construction process of smart cities, more and more video surveillance systems have been deployed for traffic, office buildings, shopping malls, and families. Thus, the security of video surveillance systems has attracted more attention. At present, many researchers focus on how to select the region of interest (RoI) accurately and then realize privacy protection in videos by selective encryption. However, relatively few researchers focus on building a security framework by analyzing the security of a video surveillance system from the system and data life cycle. By analyzing the surveillance video protection and the attack surface of a video surveillance system in a smart city, we constructed a secure surveillance framework in this manuscript. In the secure framework, a secure video surveillance model is proposed, and a secure authentication protocol that can resist man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM) and replay attacks is implemented. For the management of the video encryption key, we introduced the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) on the basis of group key management to provide an efficient and secure key update. In addition, we built a decryption suite based on transparent encryption to ensure the security of the decryption environment. The security analysis proved that our system can guarantee the forward and backward security of the key update. In the experiment environment, the average decryption speed of our system can reach 91.47 Mb/s, which can meet the real-time requirement of practical applications.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper proposes a secure video surveillance framework for smart cities that combines terminal registration, mutual authentication, CRT-based group key management, and transparent-encryption-based decryption. It reports an average decryption speed of 91.47 Mb/s and argues the scheme provides forward/backward key-update security and resistance to MITM and replay attacks.

Key findings

  • The proposed mutual authentication protocol adds secret and timestamp elements to Diffie–Hellman and is claimed to resist man-in-the-middle and replay attacks.
  • The Key Management Scheme Based on Normal Tree (KMSNT) uses the Chinese remainder theorem to update group keys in one round of message exchange for member leave, instead of the traditional \(k-1^d\) rounds.
  • Security analysis claims forward and backward security for key updates, based on secrecy of \(g_i^{a_i b_i}\) and secret primes \(P_i\).
  • In 30 decryption tests, AES decryption reached about 132.16 Mb/s, digest generation about 303.57 Mb/s, and total transparent decryption about 91.47 Mb/s on average.

Methods

  • The framework defines four participants: trusted authority (TA), media cloud, monitor, and camera; terminals register with the TA and authenticate before joining a surveillance group.
  • Authentication uses Diffie–Hellman with MAC and timestamp; key management uses KMSNT with CRT for group formation, key retrieval, and member join/leave.
  • Decryption uses a transparent-encryption suite with a user module for authority control and a kernel module with process and file filters; experiments ran on Windows 7 32-bit, 4×3.2 GHz CPU, 12 GB memory, 16 MB + 7200 r/min HDD, under Gigabit LAN, using 128-bit ECB AES and 256-bit MD5.

Limitations

  • The paper states future work: building a more complex tree for regional division and cross-level access, and optimizing video encryption to improve efficiency and reduce camera encryption consumption.
  • The paper notes it does not provide a new video encryption algorithm and that its demo uses full encryption; it says selective encryption could improve real-time performance.
  • Evident from the text: the security analysis is qualitative rather than a formal cryptographic proof, and the performance evaluation is limited to one hardware/OS setup and a Gigabit LAN, with no real-world smart-city deployment reported.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/s21134419

Cites

38 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 13 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In the experiment environment, the average decryption speed of the system can reach 91.47 Mb/s.

    “In the experiment environment, the average decryption speed of our system can reach 91.47 Mb/s”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The total transparent decryption speed is about 91.47 Mb/s.

    “Generally, the total transparent decryption speed is about 91.47 Mb/s.”
    • Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
      “The video security decryption scheme has a fast decryption speed which can reach 91.47 Mb/s on average.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The AES decryption speed is about 132.16 Mb/s.

    “the AES decryption speed is about 132.16 Mb/s”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    A monitor with failed verification cannot access the encrypted video.

    “The monitor with a failed verification cannot access the encrypted video.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    The transparent encryption-based decryption suite ensures the security of the decryption environment.

    “we built a decryption suite based on transparent encryption to ensure the security of the decryption environment.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “It provides a secure environment for identity authentication, key acquisition, and data decryption of monitors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: For most personal computers, there is no trusted root module based on hardware.
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Compared with image encryption in [35,36,37] and video encryption in [38], the proposed scheme provides a much faster decryption speed, reaching 91.47 Mb/s.

    “Compared with the image encryption in [35,36,37] and the video encryption in [38], our scheme provides a much faster decryption speed, reaching 91.47 Mb/s.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [35] Chai, 2018, An image encryption algorithm based on chaotic system and compressive sensing, Signal Process. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Li, 2018, A novel plaintext-related image encryption scheme using hyper-chaotic system, Nonlinear Dyn. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Li, 2020, A Robust image encryption algorithm based on a 32-bit chaotic system, IEEE Access source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Aljawarneh, 2017, A resource-efficient encryption algorithm for multimedia big data, Multimed. Tools Appl. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The digest generation speed is about 303.57 Mb/s, about 2.3 times the decryption speed.

    “the digest generation speed is about 2.3 times the decryption speed, at about 303.57 Mb/s.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    When a new camera joins the group, updating the group key ensures the new member cannot access the old key, guaranteeing backward security.

    “When a new camera wants to join the group, the TA should update the group key to ensure the new member cannot access the old key. This guarantees the backward security.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    All operations in the user module of transparent encryption ensure that sensitive information including Km and gkm is not leaked.

    “All operations take place in the user module of transparent encryption to ensure that the sensitive information including Km and gkm is not leaked.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed scheme uses two filters in the kernel module-the process filter and the file filter-to ensure the security of the decryption environment and prevent the plaintext from being abused.

    “In our scheme, we use two filters in the kernel module, named the process filter and the file filter, to ensure the security of the decryption environment and prevent the plaintext from being abused.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In practical scenarios, decryption faces more security risks than encryption: the environment for decryption may not be secure enough, and the decrypted information may be abused or forged.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed secure authentication protocol can resist man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM) and replay attacks.

    “a secure authentication protocol that can resist man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM) and replay attacks is implemented.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “Based on the Diffie–Hellman protocol, we add secret and timestamp elements that can effectively resist man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM) and replay attacks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The trusted authority (TA) is trustworthy.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Integrating key management and file decryption as one middleware improves decryption efficiency and reduces delay.

    “but also improves the decryption efficiency and reduces the delay.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed secure decryption scheme, based on transparent encryption, resists vulnerable monitor environments.

    “Based on transparent encryption, we designed a secure decryption scheme to resist vulnerable environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In some realistic video surveillance scenes (e.g., shops and families), the monitor is often a personal computer without any professional protection.
    • Rests on an assumption: The decryption environment of the monitor is complex and vulnerable.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The middleware completes authentication, key acquisition, and decryption without the user's awareness, which enhances the user experience.

    “The middleware completes a series of complex operations such as authentication, key acquisition, and decryption without the user’s awareness, which enhances the user experience.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The group key update scheme dramatically reduces the time consumption of the key update process.

    “The group key update scheme dramatically reduces the time consumption of the key update process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisereasoning

    One-to-one key distribution protocols based on RSA or other asymmetric encryption algorithms are unsuitable for large-scale city monitoring systems because of the bottleneck in key management and distribution efficiency.

    “Obviously, one-to-one key distribution protocols based on RSA or other asymmetric encryption algorithms are unsuitable for large-scale city monitoring systems because of the bottleneck in key management and distribution efficiency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    In LKH, when the number of users is N, the number of keys stored in the leaf node is log_k N + 1.

    “When the number of users is N, the number of keys stored in the leaf node is logkN+1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    In LKH, when one user is evicted from the group, the new keys need to be distributed k−1 d times.

    “when one user is evicted from the group, the new keys need to be distributed k−1d times.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The main challenge of data security faced by video surveillance systems is how to ensure video integrity, confidentiality, and availability during the data life cycle.

    “The main challenge of data security faced by video surveillance systems is how to ensure the video integrity, confidentiality, and availability during the data life cycle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Group key management aims to achieve an efficient key update.

    “Group key management aims to achieve an efficient key update [24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Kung, 2018, GroupIt: Lightweight group key management for dynamic iot environments, IEEE Internet Things J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The CRT-based KMSNT provides an efficient and secure key update.

    “we introduced the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) on the basis of group key management to provide an efficient and secure key update.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “When a group member changes, KMSNT updates the group key efficiently to ensure the data security.”
    • Also stated in: § 4.4. Key Management · plain
      “Aiming to solve slow and complex group key updates, we introduce the CRT to achieve simple and fast group key renewal.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The trusted authority (TA) is trustworthy.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationown data

    The average decryption speed of 91.47 Mb/s meets the real-time requirement of practical applications.

    “which can meet the real-time requirement of practical applications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The proposed multimedia decryption middleware based on transparent encryption ensures that plaintext only exists in memory and can only be used by authorized applications and prevents illegal disk writing and network transmission.

    “The scheme can ensure that the plaintext only exists in memory and can only be used by authorized applications and prevent illegal disk writing and network transmission.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: For most personal computers, there is no trusted root module based on hardware.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The security of a video surveillance system depends on the secure storage of RFID and the accuracy of machine learning.

    “The security of a video surveillance system depends on the secure storage of RFID and the accuracy of machine learning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Kim, 2020, CCTV-RFID enabled multifactor authentication model for secure differential level video access control, Multimed. Tools Appl. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed secure model provides terminal authentication, key management, and secure video decryption for video surveillance systems with different scales.

    “A secure model is proposed to realize unified protection of video surveillance systems in smart cities. The model provides terminal authentication, key management, and secure video decryption for video surveillance systems with different scales, such as shops, families, and transportation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The trusted authority (TA) is trustworthy.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The media cloud honestly follows protocol execution but is curious and may speculate over and analyze data and the searchable index tree available at the server.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    One risk in decryption is that the decryption environment may not be secure.

    “One of the risks is that the decryption environment may not be secure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed mutual authentication protocol resists MITM attacks because MACi uses ki shared only between TA and terminal.

    “In MACi, ki is only shared between the TA and the ith terminal, meaning the MITM attack cannot work.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The secrecy of giaibi is guaranteed by the computational Diffie–Hellman assumption (CDH).

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    When an old member leaves the group, updating the group key maintains forward security, and the leaving member can no longer access the group key.

    “When the old member leaves the current group, the TA should update the group key to maintain the forward security. The leaving member can no longer access the group key.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    With the CRT, the group key update requires only one round of message exchange, whereas the traditional group key distribution scheme requires k−1d rounds.

    “For the traditional group key distribution scheme, the group key update finishes after k−1d rounds of information exchange.”
    • Also stated in: § 4.4. Key Management · plain
      “However, with the CRT, we only need one round of message exchange.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The decryption process is realized based on a Minifilter, which inspects integrity using a message digest algorithm and prevents sensitive applications and processes from writing operations to eliminate data leakage and modification.

    “As the core function, the decryption process is realized based on a Minifilter. Integrity is inspected using the message digest algorithm simultaneously while accessing a file. In addition, sensitive applications and processes are kept from writing operations to eliminate data leakage and modification.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Forward security is maintained in the proposed key management scheme: when a leaf node is evicted, the new group key is randomly generated and has no relation with the old key, and the evicted member can only obtain it by brute force.

    “The new group key is randomly generated by the TA and has no relation with the old key.”
    • Also stated in: § 5.1. Security Analysis · plain
      “Hence, forward security is maintained.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Traditional video streams are mainly transmitted and stored in a plaintext model, which leads to the risk of data leakage.

    “Traditional video streams are mainly transmitted and stored in a plaintext model, which leads to the risk of data leakage [31,32].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] Thiyagarajan, 2018, Energy-aware encryption for securing video transmission in internet of multimedia things, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Ma, 2015, Fully reversible privacy region protection for cloud video sur-veillance, IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Shops and families often lack security awareness and protection skills, which makes web cameras and monitors vulnerable.

    “shops and families often lack security awareness and protection skills, which makes web cameras and monitors (most of the time, the monitor is just a normal personal computer) vulnerable [33,34].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [33] Brakerski, Z., Kalai, Y.T., Katz, J., and Vaikuntanathan, V. (2010, January 23–26). Overcoming the hole in the bucket: Public-key cryptography resilient to continual memory leakage. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 51st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Las Vegas, NV, USA. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Berti, F., Pereira, O., Peters, T., and Standaert, F.-X. (2017). On leakage-resilient authenticated encryption with decryption leakages. IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol., 271–293. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The decryption suite prevents the terminal from illegally copying and modifying the video.

    “At the same time, it can prevent the terminal from illegally copying and modifying the video.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: For most personal computers, there is no trusted root module based on hardware.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Decryption has to face more security risks than encryption.

    “However, in the practical scenario, decryption has to face more security risks than encryption.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By adding secrets and timestamps into the Diffie-Hellman protocol, the proposed mutual authentication protocol can resist MITM attacks and replay attacks.

    “By adding secrets and timestamps into the Diffie–Hellman protocol, the proposed mutual authentication protocol can resist MITM attacks and replay attacks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    If the decryption algorithm changes from full encryption to selective encryption, the demo can realize better real-time performance.

    “In addition, if the decryption algorithm changes from full encryption to selective encryption, the demo can realize a better real-time performance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Tampering with multimedia definitely changes the digest of the file.

    “However, tampering definitely changes the digest of the file.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Authorized users can retrieve an original copy from the cloud at any time.

    “However, authorized users can retrieve an original copy from the cloud at any time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The secret key is stored in the kernel memory and insulated from unauthorized access until destroyed, so the security of the secret key in the monitor can be maintained.

    “The secret key is stored in the kernel memory and insulated from unauthorized access until it is destroyed, meaning the security of the secret key in the monitor can be maintained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The proposed scheme can be applied in the decryption environment of the reference schemes and provide security and a real-time decryption service.

    “This indicates that our scheme can be applied in the decryption environment of the reference schemes and provide security and a real-time decryption service.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    After decryption, a Minifilter ensures that decrypted data are only obtainable for verified trusted applications until destroyed and will not be leaked out by disk writing or network transmission.

    “Additionally, after decryption, a Minifilter ensures that decrypted data are only obtainable for verified trusted applications until they are destroyed and will not be leaked out by disk writing or network transmission.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Terminal registration, mutual authentication, and a group key management method named KMSNT were implemented.

    “Then, terminal registration, mutual authentication, and a group key management method named KMSNT were implemented.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
38 of 38

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The trusted authority (TA) is trustworthy.

    “The TA is trustworthy, and its structure can be central or hierarchical.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The media cloud honestly follows protocol execution but is curious and may speculate over and analyze data and the searchable index tree available at the server.

    “We believe the media cloud is curious, that is, the media cloud honestly follows the protocol execution, but curiosity propels it to speculate over and analyze the data and searchable index tree available at the server.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    For most personal computers, there is no trusted root module based on hardware.

    “For most personal computers, there is no trusted root module based on hardware.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A blockchain has the defects of heavy computing and low efficiency.

    “However, a blockchain has the defects of heavy computing and a low efficiency.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In some realistic video surveillance scenes (e.g., shops and families), the monitor is often a personal computer without any professional protection.

    “In some realistic video surveillance scenes, such as shops and families, the monitor is often a personal computer without any professional protection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The decryption environment of the monitor is complex and vulnerable.

    “This leads to the decryption environment of the monitor being complex and vulnerable.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The monitor has registered in the TA earlier.

    “We assume that the monitor has registered in the TA earlier.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In practical scenarios, decryption faces more security risks than encryption: the environment for decryption may not be secure enough, and the decrypted information may be abused or forged.

    “However, in practical scenarios, decryption has to face more security risks than encryption. Specifically, (1) the environment for decryption may not be secure enough; and (2) the decrypted information may be abused or forged.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The secrecy of giaibi is guaranteed by the computational Diffie–Hellman assumption (CDH).

    “The secrecy of giaibi is guaranteed by using the computational Diffie–Hellman assumption (CDH).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The main challenge of data security faced by video surveillance systems is how to ensure the video integrity, confidentiality, and availability.

    “The main challenge of data security faced by video surveillance systems is how to ensure the video integrity, confidentiality, and availability.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The monitor may be a personal computer with poor properties or a dedicated server with a strong calculation capacity.

    “However, the monitor may be a personal computer with poor properties or a dedicated server with a strong calculation capacity.”
11 of 11

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In Hao Li et al.'s system, recorded data from all registered and deployed cameras are encrypted before stored on blockchain.

    “To enhance security, the recorded data from all registered and deployed cameras are encrypted before they are stored on the blockchain.”

    From A Survey of Video Surveillance Systems in Smart City (2023) · cites this paper as [139]

    Section 4.1 (System Model; page unavailable) says authenticated cameras encrypt captured video before sending it for storage. It specifies the media cloud and a local temporary storage server, not a blockchain. The blockchain mentioned in Section 2 (Related Work; page unavailable) belongs to another proposed mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In Hao Li et al.'s system, ROI within video is encrypted and video stored on server accessible only by authorized devices with corresponding key.

    “Specifically, the system encrypts the ROI within the video and stores the video on a server that can only be accessed by authorized devices that possess the corresponding key.”

    From A Survey of Video Surveillance Systems in Smart City (2023) · cites this paper as [139]

    Section 4.1 (System Model; page unavailable) says cameras encrypt video and send it to the media cloud and a local storage server; Section 4.4 says monitors are verified before accessing encrypted video and receive the group key. The paper does not say its system specifically encrypts the ROI within the video. It mentions ROI encryption in the Introduction as work by other researchers, not as this system’s method. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In Hao Li et al.'s system, all cameras and users who wish to view video data are required to register with trusted authority and obtain unique key.

    “All the cameras installed for the system and the users who wish to view the video data are required to register with a trusted authority and to obtain their unique key.”

    From A Survey of Video Surveillance Systems in Smart City (2023) · cites this paper as [139]

  • Hao Li et al. [139] introduced a video management system in city to ensure integrity and availability of video data.

    “In Hao Li et al. [139], a video management system in city introduced to ensure the integrity and availability of video data.”

    From A Survey of Video Surveillance Systems in Smart City (2023) · cites this paper as [139]

  • Video security decryption speed can reach 91.47 Mb/s on average in Hao Li et al.'s system.

    “The video security decryption speed can reach 91.47 Mb/s on average.”

    From A Survey of Video Surveillance Systems in Smart City (2023) · cites this paper as [139]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Plaintext is said both to be absent from and present in memory

    Minor

    The system model says transparent encryption ensures plaintext does not exist in computer memory, whereas the proposed decryption scheme says plaintext exists only in memory.

  • Prime numbers are assigned to two different phases

    Minor

    Group formation says the TA generates the camera prime numbers, while the member-join procedure says those numbers are produced by authentication.

  • Member-leave congruence uses P2 instead of Pi

    Minor

    The member-leave equation reduces the arbitrary ith camera's value modulo P2, unlike the corresponding member-join equation, which uses Pi. This also conflicts with the leave procedure's stated recovery of the key using Pi.

3 of 3

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Authors
Li, H., Xiezhang, T., Yang, C., Deng, L., & Yi, P.
Affiliations
  • Post-Doctoral Research Center of Zhuhai Da Hengqin Science and Technology Development Co. Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
  • State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication (CN)
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author
Yang, Cheng
ORCID
Venue
Sensors
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-06-28
Volume
21
Issue
13
Pages
4419
ISSN
1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/s21134419
PMC
PMC8271794
OpenAlex
W3176898152
Semantic Scholar
a50f3e607b89264b9504bc3de69583127863c3eb
Cited by
31
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2
FWCI
1.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M663358)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of the Communication University of China (CUC2019A009)
  • National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFB1706003)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptography and Data Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Advanced Authentication Protocols Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
Keywords
video surveillance security, smart cities, secure authentication protocol, man-in-the-middle attack resistance, replay attack resistance, Chinese remainder theorem, group key management, key update, forward and backward security, attack surface analysis
MeSH terms
Cities, Confidentiality, Humans, Computer Security, Telemedicine, Privacy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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