Implementing Data-Driven Smart City Applications for Future Cities

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Content analysis identified smart city indicators and related criteria in the case study examples.

“Content analysis identified smart city indicators and related criteria in the case study examples.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The literature and case studies reviewed are representative of global smart city practices.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The smart city indicators and criteria identified from the case studies are applicable to future cities generally.

May combine two claims.

There are many case studies evaluating SCIs in smart city practices, but studies exploring relationships between SCIs are lacking.

“While there are many case studies that evaluate SCIs in smart city practices [6,[23][24][25], studies that explore the relationship between SCIs to each other are lacking.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The PRISMA/PICO search strategy and selected databases captured all relevant literature on data-driven smart applications in city practices.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Some of the key challenges are managing the large volume of data and dealing with the continuous data growth, as data needs to be retrieved, stored, and computed.

“Some of the key challenges are managing the large volume of data and dealing with the continuous data growth, as data needs to be retrieved, stored, and computed.”

May combine two claims.

There can also be organizational resistance in adapting to a new kind of working and analysis, and in some cases, cultural challenges remain an impediment to successful business adoption.

“There can also be organizational resistance in adapting to a new kind of working and analysis, and in some cases, cultural challenges remain an impediment to successful business adoption [56].”

• cites [56] Harvey, C. (2022, March 16). Big Data Challenges. 5 June 2017. Available online: https://www.datamation.com/big-data/big-data-challenges/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Businesses are working with Big Data, using powerful analytics to drive decisionmaking, identify opportunities, and boost performance.

“Businesses are working with Big Data, using powerful analytics to drive decisionmaking, identify opportunities, and boost performance [56].”

• cites [56] Harvey, C. (2022, March 16). Big Data Challenges. 5 June 2017. Available online: https://www.datamation.com/big-data/big-data-challenges/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Heterogeneity, reliability, storage and computational ability for large data sets, legal and social aspects that are combined with data usage, and Big Data transfers are the other challenges that are faced by smart city infrastructure networks.

“Heterogeneity, reliability, storage and computational ability for large data sets, legal and social aspects that are combined with data usage, and Big Data transfers are the other challenges that are faced by smart city infrastructure networks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

'Intersection Signal Control' was one of the earliest applications that was implemented in several cities, and since the middle of the last century, traffic controls at many intersections have been driven by real-time data.

“'Intersection Signal Control' was one of the earliest applications that was implemented in several cities, and since the middle of the last century, traffic controls at many intersections have been driven by real-time data [61].”

• cites [61] Klein, L., Mills, M., and Gibson, D. (2006). Traffic Detector Handbook: Third Edition—Volume II.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Encryption, user access control, intrusion detection and prevention, as well as physical security are key factors in this process and relate to the 'cloud'.

“Encryption, user access control, intrusion detection and prevention, as well as physical security are key factors in this process and relate to the 'cloud'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are measures and tools to guard data and analytic processes from attacks, theft, or other malicious activities that could harm or negatively affect them.

“There are measures and tools to guard data and analytic processes from attacks, theft, or other malicious activities that could harm or negatively affect them [58].”

• cites [58] RDA-Research Data Alliance (2021, January 03). Big Data Security—Issues, Challenges, Tech & Concerns. Available online: https://www.rd-alliance.org/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Data compatibility from one platform to another is a concern that cities have struggled with for years and can become worse when IoT and Big Data solutions generate masses of new information without a management plan.

“Data compatibility from one platform to another is a concern that cities have struggled with for years and can become worse when IoT and Big Data solutions generate masses of new information without a management plan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While some countries and sectors are advanced in Big Data and its management, a large majority do not have adequate capacity or knowledge about the technologies and analytical capabilities that are involved.

“While some countries and sectors are advanced in Big Data and its management, a large majority do not have adequate capacity or knowledge about the technologies and analytical capabilities that are involved.”

May combine two claims.

Training personnel can be costly, and many are working on new areas such as machine learning and artificial intelligence to build insights, but this also takes well-trained staff or the outsourcing of skilled developers.

“Training personnel can be costly, and many are working on new areas such as machine learning and artificial intelligence to build insights, but this also takes well-trained staff or the outsourcing of skilled developers [55].”

• cites [55] Vaghela, Y. (2018). Four Common Big Data Challenges, Dataversity Digital LLC.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A survey conducted in 2017, with 1000 senior business and technology decision-makers in USA, found that 95% of the organizations that participated have undertaken significant investments in Big Data initiatives during the past five years, spanning from $100M to $1B.

“A survey conducted in 2017, with 1000 senior business and technology decision-makers in USA, found out that 95% of the organizations that participated have undertaken significant investments in Big Data initiatives during the past five years, spanning from $100M to $1B [57] (Figure 3).”

• cites [57] NVP (2017). Big Data Executive Survey 2017, New Vantage Partners.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The survey of 1000 senior business and technology decision-makers in the USA is representative of organizations globally.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Together with the rise in unstructured data, there has also been a rise in the number of data formats including social media data, audio, video, and smart device data.

“Together with the rise in unstructured data, there has also been a rise in the number of data formats including social media data, audio, video, and smart device data, etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While none of the Big Data security tools are new, their scalability and the ability to secure multiple types of data in different stages have improved.

“While none of the Big Data security tools are new, their scalability and the ability to secure multiple types of data in different stages have improved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

With the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) there are several examples of complex data-driven applications in transportation operations and control.

“With the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) there are several examples of complex data-driven applications in transportation operations and control [47].”

• cites [47] Fujimoto, R.M., Celik, N., Damgacioglu, H., Hunter, M., Jin, D., Son, Y., and Xu, J. (2016, January 11–14). Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems for Smart Cities and Urban Infrastructures. Proceedings of the 2016 Winter Simulation Conference, Arlington, VA, USA. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Smart mobility and smart people have the strongest integration with other SCIs, followed by smart people and smart living.

“The data suggest that smart mobility and smart people have the strongest integration with other SCIs, followed by smart people and smart living.”

May combine two claims.

Smart economy has the least integration, whilst smart governance has a low-level of implementation, meaning it was not a commonly-used policy in this case study sample.

“Smart economy has the least integration, whilst smart governance has a low-level of implementation, meaning it was not a commonly-used policy in this case study sample.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

In the sample, smart security measures implemented include real-time crime mapping that utilizes data and statistical analysis to highlight potential conflict areas and patterns and predictive policing that could anticipate crime to prevent incidents before they occur.

“In the sample, smart security measures implemented include real-time crime mapping that utilizes data and statistical analysis to highlight potential conflict areas and patterns and predictive policing that could anticipate crime to prevent incidents before they occur.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Organizations and citizens consider how to maximize the use of resources while preserving them, and 25 case study examples were utilizing smart environment techniques.

“Organizations and citizens consider how to maximize the use of resources while preserving them, and 25 case study examples were utilizing smart environment techniques.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

It can also be seen that these systems are integrated and rely on each other for the efficient functioning of cities.

“It can also be seen that these systems are integrated and rely on each other for the efficient functioning of cities.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

Figure 7 highlights the stark difference in the integration between smart people and smart economy, showing how SP is more likely to be implemented alongside each of the remaining SCIs than smart economy.

“Figure 7 highlights the stark difference in the integration between smart people and smart economy, showing how SP is more likely to be implemented alongside each of the remaining SCIs than smart economy.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

Other measures present included promoting culture and leisure activities and health and security monitoring by smart systems.

“Other measures present included promoting culture and leisure activities and health and security monitoring by smart systems.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the study sample, all related stakeholders benefit with the freedom to make bolder decisions, to experiment, learn, and recalibrate application according to feedback.

“In the study sample, all related stakeholders benefit with the freedom to make bolder decisions, to experiment, learn, and recalibrate application according to feedback.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the case study examples, 19 cities were using smart governance systems.

“In the case study examples, 19 cities were using smart governance systems.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A comprehensive literature review in relation to smart city practices resulted in identifying further criteria that fall under the SCIs, which can be used to carry out a wide-ranging evaluation covering environmental, social and economic aspects that can be significant for all city stakeholders.

“A comprehensive literature review in relation to smart city practices resulted in identifying further criteria that fall under the SCIs, which can be used to carry out a wide-ranging evaluation covering environmental, social and economic aspects that can be significant for all city stakeholders.”

May combine two claims.

The data suggest that smart mobility and smart people have the strongest integration with other SCIs, followed by smart people and smart living.

“The data suggest that smart mobility and smart people have the strongest integration with other SCIs, followed by smart people and smart living.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

Smart people (SP) criteria seem to be the most integrated with other SCIs, indicating that SP was often found alongside the other SCIs.

“Smart people (SP) criteria seem to be the most integrated with other SCIs, indicating that SP was often found alongside the other SCIs.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

In the sample, the utility management sector has witnessed the rise of 'smart': smart grids, smart water and energy meters that reduce waste and increase efficiency with the help of technology.

“In the sample, the utility management sector has witnessed the rise of 'smart': smart grids, smart water and energy meters that reduce waste and increase efficiency with the help of technology.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

Smart economies support entrepreneurship and a culture of innovation, and 25 cities in the sample were implementing data-driven smart economic concepts embracing an open approach to support innovation and providing opportunities for entrepreneurs.

“Smart economies support entrepreneurship and a culture of innovation, and 25 cities in the sample were implementing data-driven smart economic concepts embracing an open approach to support innovation and providing opportunities for entrepreneurs.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

Smart governance had a low level of implementation and was not a commonly used policy in this case study sample.

“Smart economy has the least integration, whilst smart governance has a low-level of implementation, meaning it was not a commonly-used policy in this case study sample.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Data Driven Application Systems (DDAS) that provide digital platforms and promote digital literacy in citizens to engage in digital services come under smart people city services, and 23 examples were identified in the case study sample.

“Data Driven Application Systems (DDAS) that provide digital platforms and promote digital literacy in citizens to engage in digital services come under smart people city services, and 23 examples were identified in the case study sample.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Remote patient monitoring systems, which take a proactive and preventive approach to treatment, have the potential to reduce the health burden on economy by more than 4%.

“Remote patient monitoring systems, which take a proactive and preventive approach to treatment, have the potential to reduce the health burden on economy by more than 4% [25].”

• cites [25] Woetzel, J., Remes, J., Boland, B., Lv, K., Sinha, S., Strube, G., Means, J., Law, J., Cadena, A., and Von Der Tann, V. (2018). Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a More Livable Future, McKinsey & Company.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Smart mobility, smart living, smart environments, and smart economy criteria are implemented quite commonly, while smart governance criteria are relatively new to be implemented.

“Smart mobility, smart living, smart environments, and smart economy criteria are implemented quite commonly, while smart governance criteria are relatively new to be implemented (Figure 5).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An emerging trend is also to initiate innovation hubs.

“An emerging trend is also to initiate innovation hubs.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

Smart governance, a relatively new phenomenon, can be seen in some cases, particularly in the developing world where technological implementation is difficult due to resource limitations.

“Smart mobility is the most widely implemented technological aspect that has been in place for the last two decades, whilst smart governance, a relatively new phenomenon, can also be seen in some cases, particularly in the developing world where technological implementation is difficult due to resource limitations.”

May combine two claims.

Smart people, smart living, and smart governance criteria are integrated and play an important role as smart mobility, smart environments, and smart economy.

“The study results illustrate that smart people, smart living, and smart governance criteria are integrated and play an important role as smart mobility, smart environments, and smart economy.”

May combine two claims.

Smart mobility is the most widely implemented technological aspect and has been in place for the last two decades.

“Smart mobility is the most widely implemented technological aspect that has been in place for the last two decades, whilst smart governance, a relatively new phenomenon, can also be seen in some cases, particularly in the developing world where technological implementation is difficult due to resource limitations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Smart technologies have the capability to face up to urban challenges and are enabling the next wave of public investment.

“Smart technologies have the capability to face up to urban challenges and are enabling the next wave of public investment [25].”

• cites [25] Woetzel, J., Remes, J., Boland, B., Lv, K., Sinha, S., Strube, G., Means, J., Law, J., Cadena, A., and Von Der Tann, V. (2018). Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a More Livable Future, McKinsey & Company.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Access to real-time data and information can provide effective services that improve productivity, resulting in environmental, social, and economic benefits.

“Access to real-time data and information can provide effective services that improve productivity, resulting in environmental, social, and economic benefits.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study used qualitative content analysis based on collected secondary data.

“To address the research questions, a qualitative content analysis based on the collected secondary data was performed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The search focused on published material from major databases including Business Source Complete (EBSCO), Web of Science, ABI Inform Global, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Online Library.

“The search focused on published material from major databases such as Business Source Complete (EBSCO), Web of Science, and ABI Inform Global, which are the most relevant for smart city research [28], as well as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Online Library.”

• cites [28] Ruhlandt, 2018, The governance of smart cities: A systematic literature review, Cities sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The PRISMA/PICO search strategy and selected databases captured all relevant literature on data-driven smart applications in city practices.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Access to real-time data and information assists in the decision-making process and provides opportunities for community engagement and participation by improving digital literacy and culture.

“It also assists in the decision-making process and provides opportunities for community engagement and participation by improving digital literacy and culture.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study expanded the population and intervention in the PRISMA method to overcome the limitation that literature on some case studies is extensive while others are restrictive.

“A limitation is that literature and information on some case studies are extensive, while the others can be restrictive.This challenge has been overcome by expanding the population and intervention in the PRISMA method.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The PRISMA/PICO search strategy and selected databases captured all relevant literature on data-driven smart applications in city practices.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

DDDAS are vital to operate smart city concepts to combine many infrastructure systems that share portals and feed data into each other's systems to achieve complex joined-up performances and results.

“DDDAS are vital to operate smart city concepts to combine many infrastructure systems that share portals and feed data into each other's systems to achieve complex joined up performances and results [47].”

• cites [47] Fujimoto, R.M., Celik, N., Damgacioglu, H., Hunter, M., Jin, D., Son, Y., and Xu, J. (2016, January 11–14). Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems for Smart Cities and Urban Infrastructures. Proceedings of the 2016 Winter Simulation Conference, Arlington, VA, USA. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Partnerships with research groups, local organizations, and other stakeholders will improve the local data ecosystem and can help cities manage the technical complexity as well as the funding and analysis needs of applications.

“Partnerships with research groups, local organizations, and other stakeholders will improve the local data ecosystem and can help cities manage the technical complexity as well as the funding and analysis needs of applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Improving digital literacy and digital culture of urban communities forms a key role in achieving new paradigms of sustainable future cities.

“It is recognized that improving digital literacy and digital culture of urban communities forms a key role in achieving these new paradigms of sustainable future cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A clear data management strategy will provide opportunities to maximize data and collectively co-relate with similar data sets, often from other similar entities or sources.

“A clear data management strategy will provide opportunities to maximize data and collectively co-relate with similar data sets, often from other similar entities or sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When city services such as lighting and security are improved, sensors can be introduced to procure installing and maintaining data-driven applications.

“When city services such as lighting and security are improved, sensors can be introduced to procure installing and maintaining data driven applications.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

When collected and systematically organized, city data can be stored, shared, and applied to provide new services and applications that can influence lifestyles.

“When collected and systematically organized, this data can be stored, shared, and applied to provide new ways of services and applications that can influence lifestyles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Innovation and productivity are employed to adapt to the market and workers' needs to enhance new resilient global business models for competing both locally and globally.

“Innovation and productivity are employed to adapt to the market and workers' needs to enhance new resilient global business models for competing both locally and globally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As cities become smarter, reliance on computer networks and systems increases, and the need to combine technology with human-centered, responsive solutions that improve quality of life becomes crucial.

“As cities become smarter, the reliance on computer networks and systems increases, and the need to combine this technology with human-centered, responsive solutions that improve the quality of life of citizens becomes crucial.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Novel ways of governing that engage stakeholders are emerging and are capable of collecting ideas, anticipating trends, planning and evaluating policy in collaboration with citizens.

“Hence, novel ways of governing that engage stakeholders are emerging and are capable of collecting ideas, anticipating trends, as well as planning and evaluating policy, all in collaboration with citizens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sensor services can be employed in ongoing projects regarding the monitoring of cyclists, vehicles, and parking lots.

“Sensor services can be employed in ongoing projects regarding the monitoring of cyclists, vehicles, and parking lots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smart parking and smart traffic management techniques that are used to coordinate and integrate different transportation modes are part of smart mobility applications.

“Smart parking and smart traffic management techniques that are used to coordinate and integrate different transportation modes are part of smart mobility applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is beneficial to collaborate under overarching guidelines to gain cross-departmental insights rather than collecting silo independent data.

“Rather than collecting silo independent data, it is beneficial to collaborate under overarching guidelines to gain cross-departmental insights.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There is a global movement to open up public data and make it more accessible to application innovation, to create novel mobile apps and services, and promote transparency of governments.

“There is a global movement to open up public data and make it more accessible to application innovation, to create novel mobile apps and services, and promote the transparency of governments [43].”

• cites [43] Galang, A. (2021, January 02). ENGL 794: Transmedia, Smart Cities and Big Data. Available online: https://annegalang.wordpress.com/2013/10/29/smart-cities-and-big-data-installation/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data-driven applications are used to offer and monitor complex multi-modality systems of transportation to achieve sustainable transport systems that are efficient.

“Data-driven applications are used to offer and monitor complex multi-modality systems of transportation to achieve sustainable transport systems that are efficient.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Smart solutions can be inclusive and personalized to face local challenges and can play a major role in linking people with each other.

“They can be inclusive and personalized to face local challenges and can play a major role in linking people with each other.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Technology, data, and fast connectivity are essential for a smart city to function.

“Technology, data, and fast connectivity are essential for a smart city to function.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Embedded vehicle detection on intersection approaches has allowed implementation of control techniques with objectives such as minimizing user travel time, emissions, and energy.

“Embedded vehicle detection on intersection approaches has allowed implementation of control techniques with objectives such as minimizing user travel time, emissions, and energy.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Real-time data can be utilized to improve connectivity, information sharing, and performance, resulting in data-driven cities and societies.

“Real-time data can be utilized to improve connectivity, information sharing, and performance, resulting in data driven cities and societies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In most data-driven applications, data and connectivity are key in achieving efficient smooth operations.

“In most of these applications, data and connectivity are key in achieving efficient smooth operations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These applications will collect citywide data including air quality, noise, weather, and traffic information.

“These applications will collect citywide data including air quality, noise, weather, and traffic information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The systems could be vulnerable to cross-site scripting, hacking, and data leakage.

“The systems could be vulnerable to cross-site scripting (computer security vulnerability found in web applications), hacking, and data leakage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Open Data platforms create large volumes of data that can become useful when built into smart applications.

“Open Data platforms are another aspect of the data driven technology base and create large volumes of data that can become useful when built into smart applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Big Data involves complex technologies in obtaining, storing, and using data concerned with data protection, security, and privacy.

“Big Data involves complex technologies in obtaining, storing, and using data concerned with data protection, security, and privacy.”

May combine two claims.

Researchers have adopted six smart city indicators as important and have evaluated and implemented them in many projects.

“Researchers have adopted six smart city indicators [23] as important and have evaluated and implemented them in many projects [6,24,25,47,50,60].”

• cites [23] SRF-Centre of Regional Science (2007). Smart Cities—Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, University of Technology Vienna. Available online: www.smart-cities.eu.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [6] UCLG/CGLU (2017). Smart Cities Study, UCLG Committee Digital and Knowledge-Based Cities, UCLG/CGLU.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [24] UCLG/CGLU (2020). Smart Cities Study 2019, International Study on the Situation and Future Trends in Smart Governance, UCLG/CGLU.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [25] Woetzel, J., Remes, J., Boland, B., Lv, K., Sinha, S., Strube, G., Means, J., Law, J., Cadena, A., and Von Der Tann, V. (2018). Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a More Livable Future, McKinsey & Company.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [47] Fujimoto, R.M., Celik, N., Damgacioglu, H., Hunter, M., Jin, D., Son, Y., and Xu, J. (2016, January 11–14). Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems for Smart Cities and Urban Infrastructures. Proceedings of the 2016 Winter Simulation Conference, Arlington, VA, USA. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [50] Talari, S., Shafie-Khah, M., Siano, P., Loia, V., Tommasetti, A., and Catalão, J.P.S. (2017). A Review of Smart Cities Based on the Internet of Things Concept. Energies, 10. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [60] Van Winden, W. (2022, March 16). Smart City Pilot Projects, Scaling Up or Fading Out? Experiences from Amsterdam. Available online: https://pure.hva.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/811939/RSA_paper_upscaling_RG.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The six smart city indicators adopted from [23] are a valid and comprehensive categorization of smart city practices.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These concepts result in improved livability of cities and a more productive place for businesses to operate.

“These concepts not only result in improved livability of cities, but also a more productive place for businesses to operate.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Cities today generate and act as vast repositories of information and real-time data.

“Cities today generate and act as vast repositories of information and real-time data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Without a guarantee of privacy and security, citizens cannot trust the governance systems, and the collection of data and information can be challenging.

“Without this guarantee, citizens cannot trust the governance systems, and the collection of data and information can be challenging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The essential difference between a smart sensor and a standard sensor is its intelligence capabilities.

“The essential difference between a smart sensor and a standard sensor is its intelligence capabilities [53].”

• cites [53] Spencer, 2004, Smart sensing technology: Opportunities and challenges, Struct. Control Health Monit. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Smart technology has the capability to alter the nature, operations, and efficiencies of infrastructure and to provide low-cost solutions for collecting information on usage patterns.

“Smart technology has the capability to alter the nature, operations, and efficiencies of infrastructure and the capability to provide low-cost solutions for collecting information in relation to usage patterns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Smart cities include sensor networks and the connection of intelligent appliances to the internet, which is essential to remotely monitor power usage, lighting, and air conditioning management.

“Smart cities include sensor networks and the connection of intelligent appliances to the internet, which is essential to remotely monitor their treatment such as power usage monitoring to improve the electricity usage, lighting, and air conditioning management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Effective networks and mobile coverage systems, including 4G and 5G, as well as LPWAN connectivity, are crucial for data-driven smart city applications, and long-term investment in resources is essential to achieve benefits.

“Effective networks and mobile coverage systems, including 4G and 5G, as well as LPWAN connectivity, are crucial in this process and long-term investment in resources are essential to achieve benefits.”

May combine two claims.

Limiting the number of people who can access data limits the number of problems to which it can be applied and prevents access to the people best able to apply it.

“Limiting the number of people who can access it limits the number of problems to which it can be applied and, in most cases, prevents access to the people best able to apply it [44].”

• cites [44] Smith, L. (2022, March 16). Benefits of Open Data for Smart Cities, Smart City Solutions Successfully Tackling Urban Challenges and Problems. Available online: https://hub.beesmart.city/en/solutions/tag/open-data.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Refurbishment and improvement of infrastructure and physical assets are an ideal time to retrofit data-driven smart devices.

“Refurbishment and improvement of infrastructure and physical assets are an ideal time to retrofit data driven smart devices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Data that are collected from a variety of sources can pose potential security problems for cities.

“Data that are collected from a variety of sources can pose potential security problems for cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Cities are prioritizing faster mobile broadband speeds that are essential to support demanding data usage by citizens.

“Cities are prioritizing faster mobile broadband speeds that are essential to support demanding data usage by citizens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Cyber-attacks on data storage can cause harm to city service operations and could cause significant monetary consequences such as financial losses, legal actions, or penalties.

“Cyber-attacks on data storage can cause harm to city service operations and could cause significant monetary consequences such as financial losses, legal actions, or penalties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A city with robust communication networks can rapidly and safely transmit the data collected by smart devices and other sensors.

“A city with robust communication networks can rapidly and safely transmit the data collected by smart devices and other sensors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

With unparalleled volumes of data, local authorities and service providers can find new ways of optimizing existing services.

“With unparalleled volumes of data, local authorities and service providers can find new ways of optimizing existing services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Data-driven smart city applications will collect citywide data including air quality, noise, weather, and traffic information.

“applications will collect citywide data including air quality, noise, weather, and traffic information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There has been a remarkable growth of digital devices, such as sensors, smartphones, and smart appliances, that has complimented commercial objectives of the IoT.

“There has been a remarkable growth of digital devices, such as sensors, smartphones, and smart appliances, that has complimented commercial objectives of the IoT, as it is possible to interconnect all devices and create communications between them through the Internet.”

May combine two claims.

Some smart solutions can both respond to demand and involve the public in shaping it.

“Some smart solutions can both respond to demand and involve the public in shaping it [25].”

• cites [25] Woetzel, J., Remes, J., Boland, B., Lv, K., Sinha, S., Strube, G., Means, J., Law, J., Cadena, A., and Von Der Tann, V. (2018). Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a More Livable Future, McKinsey & Company.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

IoT applications for smart cities include smart homes, smart parking lots, health care systems, water and weather monitoring systems, transportation and vehicular traffic, environmental pollution, and security surveillance systems.

“IoT applications for smart cities include smart homes, smart parking lots, health care systems, water and weather monitoring systems, transportation and vehicular traffic, environmental pollution, and security surveillance systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

By installing networks at home, it is possible to manage energy consumption, monitor health situations of the elderly, have surveillance of homes for safety and childcare, and use social networking applications that inform and engage communities at local events.

“By installing networks at home, it is possible to manage energy consumption, monitor health situations of the elderly in their house reducing health costs, have surveillance of homes for safety and childcare, and social networking applications that can inform and engage communities at local events.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Current trends in smart cities include intelligent, data-driven technology and its applications that can facilitate citizen participation and support decision making and policy formulation.

“Current trends in smart cities include intelligent, data-driven technology and its applications that can facilitate citizen participation and support decision making and policy formulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The integrated microprocessor is used for digital processing, analog-to-digital or frequency-to-code conversions, calculations, and interfacing functions, which can facilitate self-diagnostics, self-identification, or decision-making functions.

“The integrated microprocessor is used for digital processing, analog-to-digital or frequency-to-code conversions, calculations, and interfacing functions, which can facilitate self-diagnostics, self-identification, or decision-making functions [54].”

• cites [54] Kirianaki, N.V., Yurish, S.Y., Shpak, N.O., and Deynega, V.P. (2002). Data Acquisition and Signal Processing for Smart Sensors, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. [1st ed.]. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Developing clear standards for data collection, storage, and sharing can prevent fragmentation and encourage collaborations and growth.

“Developing clear standards for data collection, storage, and sharing can prevent this fragmentation and encourage collaborations and growth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

IoT has the capability to provide long-term sustainability solutions in environmental, social, and economic sectors.

“IoT has the capability to provide long term sustainability solutions in environmental, social, and economic sectors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Big Data and IoT improve operational cost efficiencies, help promote a data-driven culture, provide new opportunities for innovation, create new competences and services, accelerate the placement of new services, launch new products and services, increase and provide new sources of revenues, and transform businesses according to future models of operations.

“In relation to city functions, Big Data and IoT improve operational cost efficiencies, help promote a data driven culture, provide new opportunities for innovation, create new competences and services, accelerate the placement of new services, launch new products and services, increase and provide new sources of revenues, and transform businesses according to future models of operations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Establishing data science teams and analytic units distributed in all sections of the government to support these services are essential in this effort.

“Establishing data science teams and analytic units distributed in all sections of the government to support these services are essential in this effort.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Case study analysis as well as theoretical understanding of the phenomenon under study in related literature assisted in the review and evaluation of this study.

“Case study analysis as well as theoretical understanding of the phenomenon under study in related literature assisted in the review and evaluation of this study.”

May combine two claims.

City governance can be influenced by technology and by changing the relationship between the local authorities and citizens.

“City governance can be influenced by technology and by changing the relationship between the local authorities and citizens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Technology helps policy makers to engage, survey, and obtain stakeholder opinions on a range of matters and to incorporate public feedback when improving systems, processes, and policies.

“Technology helps policy makers to engage, survey, and obtain stakeholder opinions on a range of matters and to incorporate public feedback when improving systems, processes, and policies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Smart cities also raise questions of equity and bringing citizens online making them digital literate becomes a priority, as most data-driven applications require smartphones or smart equipment.

“Smart cities also raise questions of equity [25] and bringing citizens online making them digital literate becomes a priority, as most data-driven applications require smartphones or smart equipment.”

• cites [25] Woetzel, J., Remes, J., Boland, B., Lv, K., Sinha, S., Strube, G., Means, J., Law, J., Cadena, A., and Von Der Tann, V. (2018). Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a More Livable Future, McKinsey & Company.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Digital technology is becoming more common, accessible, and embedded in everyday life.

“digital technology is becoming more common, accessible, and embedded in everyday life”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The availability of data and new analytical algorithms provide the ability to forecast and obtain a better idea of the impact that climate and environmental changes may have on human health.

“The availability of data and new analytical algorithms provide the ability to forecast and obtain a better idea of the impact that climate and environmental changes may have on human health.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Big Data can help in the coordination of wind and solar energy with traditional energy sources.

“Big Data can help in the coordination of wind and solar energy with traditional energy sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These trends, and the accelerated crisis in environmental, economic, and social sustainability, inform the future role of community engagement in contributing to enhancing urban sustainability.

“These trends, and the accelerated crisis in environmental, economic, and social sustainability, inform the future role of community engagement in contributing to enhancing urban sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The response time is critical for emergency responses, and the services have to be linked with traffic system controls, vehicle recognition applications, and speed.

“The response time is critical for emergency responses, and the services have to be linked with traffic system controls, vehicle recognition applications, and speed.”

May combine two claims.

The new vehicle connected technology is allowing the vehicles to self-identify themselves in the system, and this ability creates important new opportunities in scheduling arrivals at destinations, providing user-specific trajectory guidance to minimize energy and emissions, and real-time routing.

“The new vehicle connected technology is allowing the vehicles to self-identify themselves in the system, and this ability creates important new opportunities in scheduling arrivals at destinations, providing user-specific trajectory guidance to minimize energy and emissions, and real-time routing [47].”

• cites [47] Fujimoto, R.M., Celik, N., Damgacioglu, H., Hunter, M., Jin, D., Son, Y., and Xu, J. (2016, January 11–14). Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems for Smart Cities and Urban Infrastructures. Proceedings of the 2016 Winter Simulation Conference, Arlington, VA, USA. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smart living is also concerned with improved health and improved long-term medical treatments and applications that help prevent, treat, and monitor conditions.

“Smart living is also concerned with improved health and improved long-term medical treatments and applications that help prevent, treat, and monitor conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

SP is implemented last in a city's smart development.

“Moreover, it could also suggest that SP is implemented last in a city's smart development.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The frequency of co-implementation of SCIs reflects the order in which SCIs are implemented in cities.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While there are several early examples where technology has alienated people (Masdar City-Abu Dhabi, Songdo-South Korea), in recent cases it is effectively used to build real-world communities and personal connections via social networks to promote volunteering, mentoring, and community engagement.

“While there are several early examples where technology has alienated people (Masdar City-Abu Dhabi, Songdo-South Korea), in recent cases it is effectively used to build real-world communities and personal connections via social networks to promote volunteering, mentoring, and community engagement.”

May combine two claims.

SP might not be particularly effective when implemented alone and needs to be supported by other SCIs to be fully effective.

“Firstly, this suggests that SP might not be particularly effective when implemented alone and needs to be supported by other SCIs to be fully effective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Data-driven smart applications resulting in inclusive communities, opportunities for education, digital literacy, and access to digital platforms all contribute to the smart people agenda and include neighborhoods with free Wi-Fi, renewable energy powered utility services, and new housing with intelligent systems.

“Data-driven smart applications resulting in inclusive communities, opportunities for education, digital literacy, and access to digital platforms all contribute to the smart people agenda and include neighborhoods with free Wi-Fi, renewable energy powered utility services, and new housing with intelligent systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Smart sensor data can be processed to find out whether a renewable energy source operates correctly.

“Smart sensor data can be processed to find out whether a renewable energy source operates correctly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Case studies provide a detailed understanding of a single or several cases set in their context.

“Case studies provide a detailed understanding of a single or several cases set in their context [62].”

• cites [62] Yin, R.K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage Publications. [4th ed.].Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The aim is to attain synergies through collaboration and improve public services and the transparency of institutions to promote sustainable communities.

“The aim is to attain synergies through collaboration and improve public services and the transparency of institutions to promote sustainable communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When public services and facilities are well managed by ICT and data driven technologies to provide a secure, accessible, and healthy lifestyle, smart living concepts can be realized.

“When public services and facilities are well managed by ICT and data driven technologies to provide a secure, accessible, and healthy lifestyle, smart living concepts can be realized.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Public and private initiatives that foster the development of new smart projects are an essential part in setting up a comprehensive smart city economic ecosystem.

“Public and private initiatives that foster the development of new smart projects are an essential part in setting up a comprehensive smart city economic ecosystem.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Real-time information is easily accessible due to the deployment of sensor networks, media, and mobile devices.

“easily accessible real-time information due to the deployment of sensor networks, media, and mobile devices”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Aging populations can benefit from this type of application, where patients are monitored remotely to detect and treat early to avoid hospitalizations and help seniors live independently.

“Aging populations can benefit from this type of application, where patients are monitored remotely to detect and treat early to avoid hospitalizations and help seniors live independently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The energy use habits of residents and industries have helped to predict the need for future energy supplies, and smart grids can redirect electricity from surplus areas to where it is needed.

“The energy use habits of residents and industries have helped to predict the need for future energy supplies, and smart grids can redirect electricity from surplus areas to where it is needed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Entrepreneurial innovation hubs where start-ups and business incubators are encouraged also belong in smart economy context.

“Entrepreneurial innovation hubs where start-ups and business incubators are encouraged also belong in smart economy context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Smart governance can be achieved when citizens and other stakeholders are part of operations in cities, contributing to planning, supporting key decisions, and making processes with the help of smart platforms and applications.

“Smart governance can be achieved when citizens and other stakeholders are part of operations in cities, contributing to planning, supporting key decisions, and making processes with the help of smart platforms and applications.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

By considering a particular SCI on the x-axis, the y-axis shows the percentage of cities in the study that also implemented the other SCI alongside.

“By considering a particular SCI on the x-axis, the y-axis shows the percentage of cities in the study that also implemented the other SCI alongside.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

When private sector-initiated innovations spring up, regulating, assembling key actors, offering subsidies, or changing procurement decisions are some of the ways governments can contribute.

“When private sector-initiated innovations spring up, regulating, assembling key actors, offering subsidies, or changing procurement decisions are some of the ways governments can contribute.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The fast distribution of smart grids has enabled the generation and analysis of real-time power generation and consumption data.

“The fast distribution of smart grids has enabled the generation and analysis of real-time power generation and consumption data.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Content analysis identified key words and phrases that can be apportioned to each SCI and formed the qualitative data for the analysis.

“Content analysis identified key words and phrases that can be apportioned to each SCI and formed the qualitative data for the analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Sensors and other innovative monitoring systems can be used to collect data from utility services and networks including energy, air, water, and waste management to provide a more efficient service, conserve energy, and improve the life of citizens while achieving environment sustainability.

“Sensors and other innovative monitoring systems can be used to collect data from utility services and networks including energy, air, water, and waste management to provide a more efficient service, conserve energy, and improve the life of citizens while achieving environment sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The complexities, trends, and considerations in cities require real-time examination to understand both tangible and intangible elements of the city.

“The complexities, trends, and considerations in cities require real-time examination to understand both tangible and intangible elements of the city.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

They can also assist in reducing pollution and promoting biodiversity.

“They can also assist in reducing pollution and promoting biodiversity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

With the aid of data-driven digital platforms, citizens can engage in dialogue with local authority officials and agencies via interactive mobile apps and social media platforms.

“With the aid of data-driven digital platforms, citizens can engage in dialogue with local authority officials and agencies via interactive mobile apps and social media platforms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The analysis investigated which indicators were frequently implemented, their relationship, and the probability of SCIs being integrated with each other.

“The analysis investigated which indicators were frequently implemented, their relationship, and the probability of SCIs being integrated with each other.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This type of analysis can help to develop greater understanding of which SCIs work better together, which are more applicable in a silo capacity, and even to suggest in what order SCIs are being implemented in cities.

“This type of analysis can help to develop greater understanding of which SCIs work better together, which are more applicable in a silo capacity, and even to suggest in what order SCIs are being implemented in cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Urban informatics theories help in exploring the intersection of notions, trends, and considerations for technology, place, and people in urban environments, as represented by SCI that are integrated at many levels.

“Urban informatics theories help in exploring the intersection of notions, trends, and considerations for technology, place, and people in urban environments [20], as represented by SCI that are integrated at many levels.”

• cites [20] Foth, M., Choi, J.H.J., and Satchell, C. (2011, January 19–23). Urban Informatics. Proceedings of the ACM 2011 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Hangzhou, China. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The city has a 'hybrid space' quality between the social, physical, and digital networks and infrastructure.

“De Souza e Silva [66] identified this quality of city as a 'hybrid space' between the social, physical, and digital networks and infrastructure.”

• cites [66] 2006, From Cyber to Hybrid: Mobile Technologies as Interfaces of Hybrid Spaces, Space Cult. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These networked systems securely transmit vital readings to health professionals in other locations for assessment, which can inform and alert both the patient and the medical team when early intervention is needed, reducing complications and the need for hospitalization.

“These networked systems securely transmit vital readings to health professionals in other locations for assessment, which can inform and alert both the patient and the medical team when early intervention is needed, reducing complications and the need for hospitalization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Case studies are also viewed as a useful tool for the initial and investigative stages of new research areas.

“Case studies are also viewed as a useful tool for the initial and investigative stages of new research areas [63].”

• cites [63] Rowley, 2002, Using Case Studies in Research, Manag. Res. News sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

A sample of 50 case studies that use data driven applications deployed in real-world settings were identified from literature and appraised according to the SCIs and the related criteria presented in Figure 4.

“A sample of 50 case studies that use data driven applications deployed in real-world settings were identified from literature and appraised according to the SCIs and the related criteria presented in Figure 4.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

May combine two claims.

The results of the study illustrate that human-centered policies are fundamental to the current and future development of smart cities, but these methods are often implemented later in the development process after other technology has been successfully embedded into the city.

“The results of the study illustrate that human-centered policies are fundamental to the current and future development of smart cities, but these methods are often implemented later in the development process after other technology has been successfully embedded into the city.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 50 case studies sampled are representative of smart city practices generally.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A statistical heatmap (Figure 6) shows the percentage of cities that employed various SCIs together using conditional probability.

“A statistical heatmap (Figure 6) shows the percentage of cities that employed various SCIs together using conditional probability.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

For the evaluation of smart city practices, qualitative analysis was carried out by an inductive approach that examined key words and phrases within the case study review literature and resulted in identifying relationships and criteria that were common or distinctive in the example studies.

“For the evaluation of smart city practices, qualitative analysis was carried out by an inductive approach that examined key words and phrases within the case study review literature and resulted in identifying relationships and criteria that were common or distinctive in the example studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In implementing smart people criteria, the requirements of each neighborhood and community vary and should be considered autonomously to promote digital culture and participation.

“In implementing smart people criteria, the requirements of each neighborhood and community vary and should be considered autonomously to promote digital culture and participation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Smart systems can optimize call centers, first responders to the emergency scenes, and field operations in emergency responses.

“Smart systems can optimize call centers, first responders to the emergency scenes, and field operations in emergency responses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Urban informatics theories help in exploring the intersection of notions, trends, and considerations for technology, place, and people in urban environments.

“Urban informatics theories help in exploring the intersection of notions, trends, and considerations for technology, place, and people in urban environments [20], as represented by SCI that”

• cites [20] Foth, M., Choi, J.H.J., and Satchell, C. (2011, January 19–23). Urban Informatics. Proceedings of the ACM 2011 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Hangzhou, China. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Smart mobility and transport concepts have been implemented in cities for some time and cover a wide range of criteria.

“Smart mobility and transport concepts have been implemented in cities for some time [25] and cover a wide range of criteria.”

• cites [25] Woetzel, J., Remes, J., Boland, B., Lv, K., Sinha, S., Strube, G., Means, J., Law, J., Cadena, A., and Von Der Tann, V. (2018). Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a More Livable Future, McKinsey & Company.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

With this knowledge, the potential natural disasters can be more accurately identified, and cities can become better equipped with warning systems to prevent the harmful impact of environmental factors on citizen's health and well-being.

“With this knowledge, the potential natural disasters can be more accurately identified, and cities can become better equipped with warning systems to prevent the harmful impact of environmental factors on citizen's health and well-being.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This would probably be because smart application infrastructure and support need be laid first for individuals to buy in to the smart concept and applications.

“This would probably be because smart application infrastructure and support need be laid first for individuals to buy in to the smart concept and applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These applications support agent-based simulations of transport systems and many encounters they can face so that complex systems that incorporate and respond to a multitude of entities, including the shortest routes, minimal waiting times, and diversions away from traffic congestions, can provide the optimum traffic solutions.

“These applications support agent-based simulations of transport systems and many encounters they can face so that complex systems that incorporate and respond to a multitude of entities, including the shortest routes, minimal waiting times, and diversions away from traffic congestions, can provide the optimum traffic solutions.”

May combine two claims.

Smart economy has often been implemented in a silo fashion, suggesting that it could be a starting point for a city's smart development.

“On the contrary, smart economy is showing that it has often been implemented in a silo fashion, also suggesting that it could be a starting point for a city's smart development.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The frequency of co-implementation of SCIs reflects the order in which SCIs are implemented in cities.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While improving security and health, DDAS technologies can improve the quality of life of citizens by facilitating engagement in culture and arts and include online information sharing, ticketing, and reservations.

“While improving security and health, DDAS technologies can improve the quality of life of citizens by facilitating engagement in culture and arts and include online information sharing, ticketing, and reservations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This can be more relevant in local contexts where citizens can have a direct influence on the decisionmaking processes related to their communities.

“This can be more relevant in local contexts where citizens can have a direct influence on the decisionmaking processes related to their communities.”

May combine two claims.

Participation can lead to greater social inclusion, fairer access to and smart use of information and services, urban sustainability, and healthier local economies.

“This participation can lead to greater social inclusion, fairer access to and smart use of information and services, urban sustainability, and healthier local economies [20].”

• cites [20] Foth, M., Choi, J.H.J., and Satchell, C. (2011, January 19–23). Urban Informatics. Proceedings of the ACM 2011 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Hangzhou, China. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Related tools are accessible and available that can be used by community stakeholders to engage and inform city planning and decision making.

“finally, the accessibility and availability of related tools that can be used by community stakeholders to engage and inform city planning and decision making.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Data-driven smart applications can help nurture innovation, promote sharing of information, and engage communities to improve the performance of the city.

“They can help nurture innovation, promote sharing of information, and engage communities to improve the performance of the city.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The importance of being digitally literal, being connected to online services, and having access to real-time data has been further exacerbated in the current pandemic where many essential activities are carried out remotely via digital online methods.

“The importance of being digitally literal, being connected to online services, and having access to real-time data has been further exacerbated in the current pandemic where many essential activities are carried out remotely via digital online methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Future cities can greatly benefit by adopting data-driven applications to achieve performance efficiencies, mitigate climate effects, as well as improve the quality of life of citizens.

“Future cities can greatly benefit by adopting data-driven applications to achieve performance efficiencies, mitigate climate effects, as well as improve the quality of life of citizens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Access to real-time data can result in digital literacy and digital culture that improve public participation, online deliberation systems, and societies of urban futures.

“Access to real-time data can result in digital literacy and digital culture that improve public participation, online deliberation systems, and societies of urban futures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Citizen engagement in decision making is becoming more and more possible.

“has the potential for a new cultural citizenship, where citizen engagement in the decision making is becoming more and more possible (Figure 8)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Big Data can promote innovations, create new paradigms and workplaces, and improve the biodiversity of the environment.

“Big Data can promote innovations, create new paradigms and workplaces, and improve the biodiversity of the environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Real-time mobile information systems have wide-ranging impacts in removing barriers to behavioral changes of citizens.

“the potential and opportunities provided by the real-time mobile information systems that have wide-ranging impacts in removing barriers to behavioral changes of citizens [67]”

• cites [67] 2000, Promoting sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing, J. Soc. Issues sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Data-driven smart applications enable better governance and operational implementation by the capability to improve public participation.

“Data-driven smart applications enable better governance and operational implementation by the capability to improve public participation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Data-driven smart cities are places where entrepreneurs can innovate, and technology can contribute to improve the quality of life, security, protection of nature, and the way forward for future cities.

“Data-driven smart cities are places where entrepreneurs can innovate, and technology can contribute to improve the quality of life, security, protection of nature, and the way forward for future cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Understanding the opportunities provided by data-driven applications and the real-time data they generate will assist in facing the climate change challenges and behavioral changes that are necessary in facing these challenges.

“Understanding the opportunities provided by data-driven applications and the real-time data they generate will assist in facing the climate change challenges and behavioral changes that are necessary in facing these challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There has been considerable progress in data-driven application usage to perform and monitor city functions in recent years.

“There has been considerable progress in data-driven application usage to perform and monitor city functions in recent years, as the ever-present challenges of connected societies continue to grow.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These shifting paradigms give insights to policy makers, urban planners, and designers in prioritizing resources and implementing future city strategies.

“These shifting paradigms give insights to policy makers, urban planners, and designers in prioritizing resources and implementing future city strategies.”