Cited by 622Smart Cities and Technologies3D Modeling in Geospatial ApplicationsGeographic Information Systems Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 10 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany

Open access

Dembski, Fabian, Wössner, Uwe, Letzgus, Mike, Ruddat, Michael, Yamu, Claudia·2020·Sustainability

DOI 10.3390/su12062307

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Abstract

Cities are complex systems connected to economic, ecological, and demographic conditions and change. They are also characterized by diverging perceptions and interests of citizens and stakeholders. Thus, in the arena of urban planning, we are in need of approaches that are able to cope not only with urban complexity but also allow for participatory and collaborative processes to empower citizens. This to create democratic cities. Connected to the field of smart cities and citizens, we present in this paper, the prototype of an urban digital twin for the 30,000-people town of Herrenberg in Germany. Urban digital twins are sophisticated data models allowing for collaborative processes. The herein presented prototype comprises (1) a 3D model of the built environment, (2) a street network model using the theory and method of space syntax, (3) an urban mobility simulation, (4) a wind flow simulation, and (5) a number of empirical quantitative and qualitative data using volunteered geographic information (VGI). In addition, the urban digital twin was implemented in a visualization platform for virtual reality and was presented to the general public during diverse public participatory processes, as well as in the framework of the “Morgenstadt Werkstatt” (Tomorrow’s Cities Workshop). The results of a survey indicated that this method and technology could significantly aid in participatory and collaborative processes. Further understanding of how urban digital twins support urban planners, urban designers, and the general public as a collaboration and communication tool and for decision support allows us to be more intentional when creating smart cities and sustainable cities with the help of digital twins. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the presented results and further research directions.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The authors built a prototype urban digital twin for the 30,000-person town of Herrenberg, Germany, combining a 3D city model, space syntax street network analysis, SUMO mobility simulation, OpenFOAM airflow and pollution simulation, sensor-network environmental data, and volunteered geographic information, all visualized in VR via COVISE/OpenCOVER. A survey of 39 participants found the model was judged very positively and that most respondents believed virtual urban models could improve local planning and participation.

Key findings

The Herrenberg digital twin prototype integrates eight components: (1) a 3D model of the built environment, (2) a space syntax street network model, (3) a SUMO urban mobility simulation, (4) an OpenFOAM air-flow simulation, (5) a pollution simulation using sensor data, (6) empirical quantitative pedestrian/cyclist route data, (7) empirical qualitative social data on place perception, and (8) photographic documentation.
In the participant survey (n = 39, ages 16–80), the model was rated positively on a −3.00 to +3.00 polarity profile: interesting (+2.54), comprehensible (+2.37), concrete (+2.14), clearly arranged (+1.92), entertaining (+1.89), and simple (+1.56).
95% of respondents stated virtual urban models could have a positive effect on local planning, and 97% on public participatory processes.
Respondents with prior participation experience (46% as citizens, 13% as official local representatives) rated the model more positively on five of six attributes; the exception was "complicated–simple," where the experienced group judged it more complicated.
Nine traffic-planning scenarios for reducing congestion and pollution in the city core were tested alongside the 2018 status quo road network.

Methods

Empirical and computational mixed-method design: a prototype urban digital twin was constructed for Herrenberg and embedded in the collaborative visualization environment COVISE, rendered through OpenCOVER for CAVE and head-mounted display VR.
Data sources: regional DEM and digital building model (Landesamt für Geoinformation und Landentwicklung Baden-Württemberg) supplemented by Faro Focus 3D S 120 laser scans of the medieval center (May 2017); BIM data for the "Seeländer Areal" building; a citizen-science sensor network measuring PM 2.5/10, temperature, and humidity via the LuftdatenInfo platform; and the "Reallabor Tracker" mobile app (based on OSM Tracker) for VGI routes, place ratings, photos, and audio.
Space syntax analysis used normalized angular choice (NACH) computed in depthmapX; mobility simulation used SUMO; wind flow and pollution simulations used OpenFOAM. Evaluation used a nine-question questionnaire with polarity profiles and open questions, yielding 39 responses.

Limitations

Stated by the authors: the survey sample was small and non-representative; only respondents' views were captured, with no knowledge of how the models perform under real-life conditions; a full end-to-end test within an actual planning process would be needed; and the links respondents drew to former participation formats were made by the research team, so results should be treated with caution.
Stated by the authors: as a model, the urban digital twin cannot include all information from the physical world, and there remains a need for additional social, economic, and environmental data (citing Batty 2018).
Evident from the text: the participatory evaluation was conducted in a single German town and the authors describe their own impression that participation "proceeded well" as subjective; obtaining comprehensive BIM data was difficult due to complex responsibilities.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/su12062307

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

3 of 10 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The application of the theory and method of space syntax, which utilizes a graph theoretical approach, allowed us to analyze the through movement potentials for cars and pedestrians using the measure of normalized angular choice (NACH).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Yamu, C., Poplin, A., Devisch, O., and De Roo, G. (2018). Space Syntax: A method to measure urban space related to social, economic and cognitive factors. The Virtual and the Real in Planning and Urban Design: Perspectives, Practices and Applications, Routledge. source
- Partly supported
  The book’s About this book section describes space syntax as a method for urban analysis, and its chapter list includes “Analysing Linear Spatial Relationships: The Measures of Connectivity, Integration, and Choice” (pp. 35–86). The available passages do not explain normalized angular choice (NACH) or establish its use to assess through-movement potential for both cars and pedestrians; searches for those terms found no such passage. The citing authors’ statement that the method “allowed us” to conduct their analysis is their own account, not a result attributed to the book. (LLM, conf=0.77)
  cites [22] Van Nes, A., and Yamu, C. (2020). Introduction to Space Syntax in Urban Studies, Springer. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These technologies can enhance discussion and help build consensus among stakeholders [3].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supported
  The Introduction states that virtual reality environments can enhance discussion and help build consensus among stakeholders. Section 4.4 also reports that virtual models may improve interaction between citizens and local representatives, while cautioning that their effects in real planning processes need further testing. (LLM, conf=0.95)
  cites [3] Dembski, F., Wössner, U., and Yamu, C. (2019, January 8–13). Digital Twin, Virtual Reality and Space Syntax: Civic engagement and decision support for smart, sustainable cities. Proceedings of the 12th International Space Syntax Conference, Beijing, China. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 24 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 24
Probably not a substantial claim. 31
The quote only partly states this claim. 1

Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Using an urban digital twin in virtual reality is not only a novel way of using smart technologies for collaborative planning processes, but also facilitates consensus-building among participants with different backgrounds [3].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supported
  The Introduction states the claim nearly verbatim: it describes using an urban digital twin in virtual reality as novel for collaborative planning and as facilitating consensus-building among participants with different backgrounds. (LLM, conf=0.95)
  cites [3] Dembski, F., Wössner, U., and Yamu, C. (2019, January 8–13). Digital Twin, Virtual Reality and Space Syntax: Civic engagement and decision support for smart, sustainable cities. Proceedings of the 12th International Space Syntax Conference, Beijing, China. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, experienced groups can implicitly or explicitly compare these classical formats with the urban digital twin model of Herrenberg.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participatory processes are still mainly carried out using 2D city representations like plans and planning concepts in mainly technical and/or expert language.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Virtual, interactive models remain uncommon in the context of urban planning processes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the visualization in virtual reality (“virtual twin”) not only enables broad citizen participation but also collaboration between stakeholders.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 1. Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The advantage of using virtual reality environments is that different participants with diverging professional and personal backgrounds can be informed simultaneously.
In the paper
“Digital twins enable comprehensive data exchange and can contain models, simulations, and algorithms describing their counterpart, including its features and behavior in the real world [2].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Kuhn, 2018, Digitaler Zwilling, Informatik Spektrum source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is especially helpful in participatory processes to facilitate communication, to involve large heterogeneous groups of citizens, and, consequently, to build consensus.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Some complex data are difficult or impossible to understand in any other form, especially for laymen or for people unfamiliar with the subject.
In the paper
“Digital tools can support citizen participation, but must be embedded in ʺserious dialoguesʺ that are valued by policymakers [25].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.2. Participatory and Collaborative Planning with Urban Digital Twins
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Renn, O., Ulmer, F., and Deckert, A. (2020). Digital tools in stakeholder participation for the Germany Energy Transition. Can digital tools improve participation and its outcome?. The Role of Public Participation in Energy Transitions, Academic Press Imprint. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This simulation uses a microscopic, space continuous, and time discrete car-following and lane-changing model [23].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 2010, Traffic Simulation with SUMO—Simulation of Urban Mobiliy, Fundamentals of Traffic Simulation source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prototype of a digital twin for urban planning, set up in Herrenberg, has the potential to tackle urban complexity by visualizing complex processes and dependencies in urban systems, simulating possible outcomes, and impacts and taking into account the heterogeneous needs and requirements of its citizens by enabling participatory and collaborative planning.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 2. Background: The Smart(er) City
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Conventional planning tools and methods fail to deal with the complexity of urban systems, as well as with the understanding of citizen needs and requirements.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Batty (2018) stated that there remains a strong need for additional social, economic, and environmental data [1].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Batty, 2018, Digital twins, Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci. source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In general, the Stuttgart hinterland can be characterized by a high traffic volume, mainly due to the high dependency on commuting, fragmented communities, and a lack of spatial governance [24].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.1. Case Study: The Town of Herrenberg, Germany
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Brenner Ingenieurgesellschaft GmbH (2014). Verkehrsvarianten zur Entlastung der Innenstadt, Stadt Herrenberg. Report.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The urban digital twin, as set up in Herrenberg, embraces both.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Smart city projects demand two crucial competencies: an understanding of the impact of implementing digital technologies in the context of urban systems, and integrating solutions that overcome departmental thinking.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following this assumption, the fact that the model is judged more positively on five of the six dimensions by people with prior experience compared to people without this experience leads to the conclusion that virtual models have the potential to improve participatory processes.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participatory processes are still mainly carried out using 2D city representations like plans and planning concepts in mainly technical and/or expert language.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Virtual, interactive models remain uncommon in the context of urban planning processes.

46 of 46

The paper relies on this without support.
Herrenberg's historical core is strongly affected by car traffic due to earlier planning decisions and implementation.
“Its historical core, however, is strongly affected by car traffic due to earlier planning decisions and implementation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Conventional planning tools and methods fail to deal with the complexity of urban systems, as well as with the understanding of citizen needs and requirements.
“Conventional planning tools and methods fail to deal with the complexity of urban systems, as well as with the understanding of citizen needs and requirements.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The advantage of using virtual reality environments is that different participants with diverging professional and personal backgrounds can be informed simultaneously.
“The advantage of using virtual reality environments-such as stereoscopic back projection units, large 3D display respectively tiled display systems or CAVEs (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment), for example-is that different participants with diverging professional and personal backgrounds can be informed simultaneously.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Participatory processes are still mainly carried out using 2D city representations like plans and planning concepts in mainly technical and/or expert language.
“We suspect that participatory processes are still mainly carried out using 2D city representations like plans and planning concepts in mainly technical and/or expert language.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Virtual, interactive models remain uncommon in the context of urban planning processes.
“Virtual, interactive models remain uncommon in the context of urban planning processes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The town of Herrenberg is affected by a high traffic load and a certain amount of air pollution.
“The town located in the peri-urban region of Stuttgart is affected by a high traffic load and, consequently, a certain amount of air pollution.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only a few smart city projects have been singularly successful.
“it is not surprising that only a few have been singularly successful.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Smart city projects demand two crucial competencies: an understanding of the impact of implementing digital technologies in the context of urban systems, and integrating solutions that overcome departmental thinking.
“Smart city projects demand two crucial competencies: an understanding of the impact of implementing digital technologies in the context of urban systems, and integrating solutions that overcome departmental thinking.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If these competencies are not taken into account, the great potential of digital technologies and solutions remains unused.
“If these competencies are not taken into account, the great potential of digital technologies and solutions remains unused.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some complex data are difficult or impossible to understand in any other form, especially for laymen or for people unfamiliar with the subject.
“Some complex data are difficult or impossible to understand in any other form, especially for laymen or for people unfamiliar with the subject.”

10 of 10

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Arnstein citation points to a Glaeser reference
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The text attributes the cited point to Arnstein (1969), but reference [4] lists a 2006 work by Glaeser and colleagues.

1 of 1

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Background
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“…and ethical implications of the development of these digital technologies, as well as the growing inﬂuence of technology giants on city economics, the freedom and privacy of its inhabitants [19] are a separate issue and not taken into account adequately within many of these deﬁnitions and concepts.”
Background

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6 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

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Renn, O., Ulmer, F., and Deckert, A. (2020). Digital tools in stakeholder participation for the Germany Energy Transition. Can digital tools improve participation and its outcome?. The Role of Public Participation in Energy Transitions, Academic Press Imprint.

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Authors: Dembski, F., Wössner, U., Letzgus, M., Ruddat, M., & Yamu, C.
Affiliations: High-Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS), Nobelstraße 19, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering (DE)
University of Stuttgart (DE)
University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author: Yamu, Claudia
ORCID: Dembski, Fabian
Wössner, Uwe
Ruddat, Michael
Yamu, Claudia
Venue: Sustainability
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-03-16
Volume: 12
Issue: 6
Pages: 2307
ISSN: 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/su12062307
OpenAlex: W3011950450
Semantic Scholar: 12620db190497050f70e1d1a29cf6e1a18898992
Cited by: 622
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 111 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 145 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 12
FWCI: 29.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
OPUS Publication Server of the University of Stuttgart (University of Stuttgart) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Universitätsbibliothek Stuttgart (cc-by)
Funders: Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg (Living Labs: City Districts 4.0)
Topics: Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Smart Cities and Technologies
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › 3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications
Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Geographic Information Systems Studies
Keywords: urban digital twins, smart cities, citizen participation, participatory urban planning, Herrenberg, space syntax, street network analysis, urban mobility simulation, wind field simulation, volunteered geographic information, virtual reality visualization, public workshops, decision support, democratic city

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Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany

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