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Cited by 878Digital Transformation in IndustryApplied Advanced TechnologiesBIM and Construction Integration

Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review

Open access
Botín-Sanabria, Diego M., Mihaita, Adriana-Simona, Peimbert-García, Rodrigo E., Ramírez-Moreno, Mauricio A., Ramírez-Mendoza, Ricardo A., Lozoya-Santos, Jorge de J.·2022·Remote Sensing
DOI 10.3390/rs14061335
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Abstract

A digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical object or process capable of collecting information from the real environment to represent, validate and simulate the physical twin’s present and future behavior. It is a key enabler of data-driven decision making, complex systems monitoring, product validation and simulation and object lifecycle management. As an emergent technology, its widespread implementation is increasing in several domains such as industrial, automotive, medicine, smart cities, etc. The objective of this systematic literature review is to present a comprehensive view on the DT technology and its implementation challenges and limits in the most relevant domains and applications in engineering and beyond.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This systematic literature review surveys digital twin (DT) technology across smart cities, freight logistics, medicine, engineering, and automotive domains, focusing on implementation challenges, enabling technologies, and maturity. It finds DT applications are still early-stage, with most at maturity level 3 or below and generally low societal readiness.

Key findings

  • The review selected 115 publications, retained 84 references, and analyzed 18 recent (2019–present) studies in depth for comparative analysis of enabling technologies, TRL, SRL, and maturity.
  • The global DT market was valued at USD $3.8 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach USD $35.8 billion by 2025, yet less than 5% of companies had something tangible at the time.
  • Most DT concepts in the literature are at maturity levels 0–3; Table 2 shows most applications at maturity level 3, with high TRL especially in smart cities and automotive, but all domains showing low societal readiness levels.
  • Five common implementation challenges are identified: data issues (trust, privacy, cybersecurity, governance, acquisition, large-scale analysis); lack of standards, frameworks, and regulations; high implementation costs; use of AI and big data for long-term/large-scale analysis; and communication network obstacles such as the need for 5G.

Methods

  • A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted following Charles Sturt University guidelines and Cochrane Handbook principles, with research questions on DT state of the art, implementation challenges, Latin American limitations, and enabling technology trends.
  • Searches used ResearchGate, MDPI, Science Direct, and ProQuest; inclusion criteria required “digital twin” in keywords or title, publication from 2017 onward, and selection from Q1/Q2 Scopus-ranked journals across application industries.
  • From 115 collected publications, 84 references were retained, and 18 recent studies were analyzed in depth using a comparative table covering enabling technologies, TRL, SRL, maturity level, application industry, evaluation methods, physical twin, and sensors.

Limitations

  • The paper states five main DT implementation limitations: data-related issues (trust, privacy, cybersecurity, governance, acquisition, large-scale analysis); lack of standards, frameworks, and regulations; high costs from sensors and computational resources; challenges in using AI and big data for long-term/large-scale analysis; and communication network obstacles, including the need for faster interfaces such as 5G.
  • The paper also states that most DT applications have not reached high SRL, with relevant stakeholders often not identified or consulted and societal/environmental impact not well defined.
  • Evident from the text: the review is limited to publications from 2017 onward and mainly Q1/Q2 journals, with only 18 studies analyzed in depth; it is a literature synthesis without primary experimental validation, and the Latin American discussion notes greater challenges due to limited access to high-end technology in developing countries.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/rs14061335

Cites

71 of 71 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

42 of 70 cited sources checked · 19 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    High levels of fidelity represent some of the major limitations of bringing DTs up to the next level.

    “Additionally, high levels of fidelity represent some of the major limitations of bringing DTs up to the next level [43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Jones, 2020, Characterising the Digital Twin: A systematic literature review, CIRP J. Manuf.g Sci. Technol. source
  • Premisecitation

    Issues related to data, including trust, privacy, cybersecurity, convergence and governance, acquisition and large-scale analysis, are a challenge for digital twin implementation.

    “Issues related to data (trust, privacy, cybersecurity, convergence and governance, acquisition and large-scale analysis) [10].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E.P., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., and Devine, D. (2021). Digital Twin: Origin to Future. Appl. Syst. Innov., 4. source
    • Rests on an assumption: The reviewed literature is sufficiently comprehensive to identify the main challenges common to all domains.
  • Findingcitation

    Implementations of digital twins in medicine have recently started to be reported in the literature.

    “Implementations of DTs in medicine have recently started to be reported in the literature [51].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Shengli, 2021, Is Human Digital Twin possible?, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. Update source
  • Interpretationcitation

    Multi-physics modeling is an important part of digital twin implementation for electric vehicles.

    “This makes multi-physics modeling an important part of DT implementation for EVs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Sanjurjo, 2021, Thermal Parameter and State Estimation for Digital Twins of E-Powertrain Components, IEEE Access source
  • Premisecitation

    Due to the expensiveness of digital twin implementations, their accessibility is limited by the accessibility of such resources, which is often poor in developing countries.

    “Due to the expensiveness of DT implementations, their accessibility is limited by the accessibility of such resources, which is often poor in developing countries [79].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [79] Kshetri, 2021, The Economics of Digital Twins, Computer source
    • Rests on an assumption: The reviewed literature is sufficiently comprehensive to identify the main challenges common to all domains.
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 49
  • May combine two claims. 35

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Destination Earth initiative seeks to develop a distributed and international knowledge platform to facilitate multistakeholder collaboration and partnerships, sharing information, best practices, and policy advice among UN Member States, civil society, private sector, scientific community and other stakeholders.

    “The European initiative seeks to develop “a distributed and international knowledge platform to facilitate multistakeholder collaboration and partnerships, sharing information, best practices, and policy advice among the United Nations Member States, civil society, the private sector, the scientific community and other stakeholders” [39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Nativi, S., Mazzetti, P., and Craglia, M. (2021). Digital Ecosystems for Developing Digital Twins of the Earth: The Destination Earth Case. Remote Sens., 13. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Literature reviews [9,13,62,84] focus on presenting DT architecture, definitions, concepts and benefits.

    “Other literature reviews such as [9,13,62,84] focus on presenting the DT architecture, definitions, concepts and benefits while others, such as [15][16][17][18], focus on the technical aspect of the DT technology and explore the trending technologies for a solid DT implementation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [9] Campos-Ferreira, A., Lozoya-Santos, J.J., Vargas-Martínez, A., Mendoza, R., and Morales-Menéndez, R. (2019). Digital Twin Applications: A review. Memorias del Congreso Nacional de Control Automático, Asociación de México de Control Automático.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [13] Juarez, 2021, Digital Twins: Review and Challenges, J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. source
    • cites [62] Singh, 2021, Advancing digital twin implementation: A toolbox for modelling and simulation, Procedia CIRP source

      The Introduction (Section 1) says the paper gives special attention to modelling and simulation, and the Conclusion (Section 5) identifies its contribution as a methodology and toolbox for improving those aspects of digital twins. Although it presents a DT architecture, its stated focus is not a literature review of architecture, definitions, concepts and benefits. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [84] Harper, 2019, Digital Twin Architecture and Standards, Ind. Internet Consort. J. Innov. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The review includes three studies of smart city DT concepts in China, which has the highest frequency of all countries.

    “this work incorporates three studies [24][25][26] of smart city DT concepts being developed in China, which presents the highest frequency of all countries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [24] Zhou, 2019, Digital Twin Framework and Its Application to Power Grid Online Analysis, CSSE J. Power Energy Syst. source
    • cites [25] Haiyuan, Y., Dachuan, W., Mengcha, S., and Qi, Y. (2021). Application of Digital Twins in Port System. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1846. source

      The Introduction describes a digital-twin approach to port development in the context of Chinese government management, and the Conclusion discusses smart-port construction. That supports identifying this as a study of a Chinese smart-infrastructure application, but the paper addresses ports rather than smart-city digital-twin concepts. The count of three studies and China's rank are the citing review's own findings, not findings attributed to this individual source. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [26] Ghandar, 2021, A Decision Support System for Urban Agriculture Using Digital Twin: A Case Study With Aquaponics, IEEE Access source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the Destination Earth initiative, information is used to study natural and social phenomena characterizing the Earth system, including local and global changes affecting natural cycles, deep under-surface processes and interconnections with human society.

    “In this initiative, information is used to study the set of natural and social phenomena that characterize the Earth system, a class of entities encompassing the local and global changes affecting the natural cycles, the deep under-surface processes and the interconnections with human society [39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Nativi, S., Mazzetti, P., and Craglia, M. (2021). Digital Ecosystems for Developing Digital Twins of the Earth: The Destination Earth Case. Remote Sens., 13. source

      Section 1.3 describes the natural and social phenomena in the claim, including natural cycles, deep under-surface processes, and connections with human society. But it assigns the aim of studying them to Big Earth Data science, not specifically to Destination Earth. Section 2 describes Destination Earth as using natural and socio-economic information to develop digital twins of aspects of the Earth system; it does not explicitly assign the full study scope to that initiative. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Performance digital twin can monitor, aggregate and analyze data from products and generate actionable data for design optimization, maintenance strategy generation and drawing conclusions from product performance.

    “By aggregating smart capabilities, the PDT is able to process the information being monitored from the physical counterpart and generate actionable data that can be used for design optimization, maintenance strategy generation and drawing conclusions from a product's performance [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Sharma, A., Kosasih, E., Zhang, J., Brintrup, A., and Calinescu, A. (2021). Digital Twins: State of the Art Theory and Practice, Challenges, and Open Research Questions. arXiv. source

      The Introduction describes digital twins as combining real-time monitoring, analytics and optimisation. Section 4.2 reports that they merge physical and real-time data to provide trends, optimisation and maintenance strategy. The cited paper does not identify a distinct “performance digital twin” (PDT) or explicitly describe drawing conclusions from a product’s performance, so it supports the sentence’s general capabilities but not all of its specificity. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Digital twin prototype can simulate manufacturing scenarios and perform validation testing, evaluation and quality control prior to actual manufacturing, reducing production costs and operational time by identifying flaws or risks before production.

    “In accordance with DT characteristics, the DTP is able to simulate manufacturing scenarios and perform validation testing, evaluation and even quality control testing prior to the actual manufacturing process itself.This approach effectively reduces production costs and operational time by identifying flaws or possible risks of the physical twin before production.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E.P., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., and Devine, D. (2021). Digital Twin: Origin to Future. Appl. Syst. Innov., 4. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [11] Dahmen, U., and Rossmann, J. (2018, January 1–3). Experimentable Digital Twins for a Modeling and Simulation-based Engineering Approach. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE), Rome, Italy. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The modern state of the art classifies and defines DTs based on the application domain and their levels of integration.

    “However, the modern state of the art classifies and defines DTs based on the application domain [10] and their levels of integration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E.P., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., and Devine, D. (2021). Digital Twin: Origin to Future. Appl. Syst. Innov., 4. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Smart city DTs are used to improve quality of life, mobility and services of citizens, with technological advances people-centered rather than economic efficiency.

    “City-scale DTs are used to improve the quality of life, mobility and services of the citizens [22] in such a way that technological advances are people-centered and improve the quality of life of citizens rather than achieve economic efficiency [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22] Wright, 2020, How to tell the difference between a model and a digital twin, Adv. Model. Simul. Eng. Sci. source
    • cites [23] Dembski, F., Wossner, U., Letzgus, M., Ruddat, M., and Yamu, C. (2020). Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany. Sustainability, 12. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The ISO 19650-3:2020 standardization approach is key for the widespread implementation of digital twins, even though it is not explicitly related to digital twins.

    “Although not explicitly related to DTs, this standardization approach is key for the widespread implementation of DTs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [29] Tagliabue, L., Cecconi, F., Maltese, S., Rinaldi, S., Ciribini, A., and Flammini, A. (2021). Leveraging Digital Twin for Sustainability Assessment of an Educational Building. Sustainability, 13. source

      Section 3.1 says the authors made the eLUX digital-twin creation process as compliant with ISO 19650-3 as possible. It does not say that this standardization approach is key to widespread digital-twin implementation or explicitly characterize the standard as unrelated to digital twins. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [47] International Organization for Standardization (2020). ISO 19650-3:2020. Int. Stand. Civ. Eng., 10, Available online: https://www.iso.org/standard/75109.html.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The study in [45] relied on surveys with industry experts to focus on lifecycle applicability and integration of the CDT model in practice.

    “The study relied on surveys with industry experts to focus on the lifecycle applicability and the integration of the CDT model in practice.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Yitmen, I., Alizadehsalehi, S., Akiner, I., and Akiner, M. (2021). An Adapted Model of Cognitive Digital Twins for Building Lifecycle Management. Appl. Sci., 11. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The challenge of running a digital twin in real time is related not only to re-running the optimization algorithm but also to migrating the digital twin from one edge server to another.

    “The challenge of running the DT in real time is not only related to the need for re-running the optimization algorithm, but to the migration of the DT from one edge server to another [68].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Chukhno, O., Chukhno, N., Araniti, G., Campolo, C., Iera, A., and Molinaro, A. (2020). Optimal Placement of Social Digital Twins in Edge IoT Networks. Sensors, 20. source

      The Conclusions and Future Works section says that real-time replacement of social digital twins can require both rerunning the optimization algorithm and migrating a twin between edge servers. The citing sentence broadens this from the specific challenge of real-time replacement to running a digital twin in real time generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The complexity of urban planning in megacities significantly delays freight and logistics operations; in Seattle, freight vehicles spend 28% of their trip time finding available parking.

    “Another challenge is related to the complexity of urban planning in megacities [50] which significantly delays all freight and logistics operations-see the example of Seattle where freight vehicles spend 28% of their trip time finding available parking.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Pan, 2021, Smart city for sustainable urban freight logistics, Int. J. Prod. Res. source

      Section 2.1, “Megacities and urban planning,” says growing freight demand will make logistics harder to manage and reports that cruising for parking took an average of 28% of trip time for commercial vehicles in downtown Seattle. It does not say urban-planning complexity significantly delays all freight and logistics operations, and the Seattle figure is specific to downtown commercial vehicles. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Humans, if seen as models, are not independent from one another; genetics, heredity and culture might play a role in determining differences in specific human features.

    “Another one is that humans, if seen as models, are not independent from one another.Factors such as genetics, heredity and even culture might play a role in determining differences in specific human features [51].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Shengli, 2021, Is Human Digital Twin possible?, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. Update source

      Sections 4.2–4.3 say relatives share inherited genes and that people with consanguinity may have similar characteristics; section 5.2 says human digital twin models must account for heredity and variation. The paper also discusses social and environmental influences, but our copy does not specifically say that culture determines differences in human features. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The authors of [44] proposed a DT evaluation of net-zero energy building (NZEB) for existing buildings, combining a novel hierarchy flow chart with a BIM to visualize options, promote collaboration among stakeholders and accurately estimate associated costs and technical issues for producing an NZEB in a predetermined location.

    “The authors of [44] have proposed a DT evaluation of net-zero energy building (NZEB) for existing buildings; the approach is to combine a novel hierarchy flow chart with a BIM which is then used to thoroughly visualize each option, promote collaboration among stakeholders and accurately estimate associated costs and associated technical issues encountered while producing an NZEB in a predetermined”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Sakdirat, K., Rungskunroch, P., and Welsh, J. (2019). A Digital-Twin Evaluation of Net Zero Energy Building for Existing Buildings. Sustainability, 11. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Other authors [29] have started to use DTs to conduct a sustainability assessment of an educational building in combination with an IoT-enabled dynamic approach; this is one of the few approaches to date that has shifted towards a maturity level of 3 by real-time data integration with the physical DT model of the building.

    “Other authors [29] have started to use DTs to conduct a sustainability assessment of an educational building in combination with an IoT-enabled dynamic approach.This is one of the few approaches to date that has shifted towards a maturity level of 3 by real-time data integration with the physical DT model of the building.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Tagliabue, L., Cecconi, F., Maltese, S., Rinaldi, S., Ciribini, A., and Flammini, A. (2021). Leveraging Digital Twin for Sustainability Assessment of an Educational Building. Sustainability, 13. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Digital twins have been identified as enablers for further optimization of the efficiency and reliability of electric vehicles.

    “DTs have been identified as enablers for further optimization of the efficiency and reliability of electric vehicles (EVs).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] Van Mierlo, J., Berecibar, M., El Baghdadi, M., De Cauwer, C., Messagie, M., Coosemans, T., Jacobs, V., and Hegazy, O. (2021). Beyond the State of the Art of Electric Vehicles: A Fact-Based Paper of the Current and Prospective Electric Vehicle Technologies. World Electr. Veh. J., 12. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Digital twins may generate actionable intelligence necessary for addressing global challenges, facilitating sustainable transitions and contributing to realizing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal agenda.

    “Furthermore, the DTs may generate actionable intelligence necessary for addressing global challenges, facilitating sustainable transitions and contributing to realizing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) agenda [39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Nativi, S., Mazzetti, P., and Craglia, M. (2021). Digital Ecosystems for Developing Digital Twins of the Earth: The Destination Earth Case. Remote Sens., 13. source
    • Rests on an assumption: The reviewed literature is sufficiently comprehensive to identify the main challenges common to all domains.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Applications in Latin America offer significant opportunities for environmental and sustainable development.

    “However, applications in Latin America offer significant opportunities for environmental and sustainable development [27].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Guevara, 2019, Towards the design and implementation of a Smart City in Bogotá, Colombia, Rev. Fac. DeIng. Univ. Antioq. source

      The Environment section says smart-city development offers environmental opportunities and requires an approach to sustainable development; the paper also describes projects in Bogotá, Colombia. It does not assess applications across Latin America, so the regional scope of the claim goes beyond the evidence in our copy (page not specified). (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • Rests on an assumption: The reviewed literature is sufficiently comprehensive to identify the main challenges common to all domains.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The majority of DT concepts in the literature to date are at maturity levels 0-3, and few have started integration with real-time data streams.

    “In the literature to date, the majority of DT concepts are at levels 0-3 of maturity, and few have started the integration with real-time data streams”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    On-demand delivery methods such as AmazonPrime, Deliveroo, Uber Eats are gaining significant momentum, leading to an increase in on-demand personal trips around cities; modeling all this behavior currently represents a unique challenge.

    “On-demand delivery methods such as AmazonPrime, Deliveroo, Uber Eats, etc. are gaining significant momentum, leading to an increase in on-demand personal trips around cities; the complexity of modeling all this behavior currently represents a unique challenge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    3D simulation modeling with the time component is the preferred approach to date due to availability of running multiple what-if scenarios powered by real data sets.

    “The 3D simulation modeling with the time component is the preferred approach to date due to the availability of running multiple what-if scenarios powered by real data sets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The preliminary search collected 115 publications; after filtering highly ranked studies, 84 references were obtained; a smaller set of 18 more recent (2019-present) studies were analyzed in depth for comparative analysis.

    “The total number of publications was 115, and after filtering the highly ranked studies, 84 references were obtained for presentation in this review; moreover, we selected a smaller set of 18 more recent (2019-present) studies that were analyzed in depth and used for a comparative analysis that presents more insights on the trending enabling technologies used in the current applications of DT-base”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Practical implementation of digital twins faces obstacles such as real-time communication, complexity, accuracy, integration and structural foundations.

    “Hence, the practical implementation of DTs faces obstacles such as real-time communication, complexity, accuracy, integration and structural foundations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Each domain demands specific tools for development, but the most common are GIS modeling, ANSYS, ML data processing, big data, GPS/LIDAR sensors and IoT communication using various interfaces.

    “Each domain demands specific tools for development, but the most common are GIS modeling, ANSYS, ML data processing, big data, GPS/LIDAR sensors and IoT communication using various interfaces.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 18 studies selected for final comparison are representative of digital twin implementation across the reviewed domains.
    • Rests on an assumption: The assigned TRL, SRL and maturity spectrum levels accurately characterize each study's development stage.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All domains present advanced and mature implementations, with most classified at level 3 of the maturity spectrum, where models are enriched with real-time and static data.

    “All domains present advanced and mature implementations with most of them classified at level 3 of the maturity spectrum (where models are enriched with real-time and static data).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 18 studies selected for final comparison are representative of digital twin implementation across the reviewed domains.
    • Rests on an assumption: The assigned TRL, SRL and maturity spectrum levels accurately characterize each study's development stage.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The findings in Table 2 show that machine learning, big data, remote sensing, IoT and cloud computing are common across all domains and are therefore the most relevant technologies for digital twin implementation in general.

    “The findings in Table 2 show that some technologies such as ML, big data, remote sensing, IoT and cloud computing are common across all domains and are therefore the most relevant when it comes to DT implementation in general.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 18 studies selected for final comparison are representative of digital twin implementation across the reviewed domains.
    • Rests on an assumption: The assigned TRL, SRL and maturity spectrum levels accurately characterize each study's development stage.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    As presented in Table 2, most applications lie in the early stages of digital twin development and of the evaluation methods, indicating the infancy stage of digital twin implementations and a large gap to fill.

    “As presented in Table 2, most applications lie in the early stages of DT development and levels of these evaluation methods, indicating the infancy stage of DT implementations and the large gap to fill.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 18 studies selected for final comparison are representative of digital twin implementation across the reviewed domains.
    • Rests on an assumption: The assigned TRL, SRL and maturity spectrum levels accurately characterize each study's development stage.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    According to the literature, around 18% of engineering applications of digital twins focus on design, approximately 35% on production areas, 38% on prognostics and health management, and 9% on other areas.

    “According to the literature, around 18% of engineering applications of DTs focus on design, approximately 35% on production areas, 38% on prognostics and health management (PHM) and 9% on other areas [59].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Tao, 2018, Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art, IEEE Access source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    Some key features of DTs, such as real-time monitoring, predictive analysis or edge/cloud computing, differ in terms of relevance across domains.

    “For instance, some key features, such as realtime monitoring, predictive analysis or edge/cloud computing, will differ in terms of relevance but the main concept and basic architecture of the DT are still prevalent across all domains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    In the different domains presented in this work, the respective concepts of DTs have different focuses and needs.

    “In the different domains presented in this work, their respective concepts of DTs have different focuses and needs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Table 2 includes advanced applications of DTs.

    “Table 2 includes advanced applications of DTs, but more work needs to be done to fully enable autonomous, sustainable and accepted DTs in real environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The main concept and basic architecture of the DT are still prevalent across all domains.

    “For instance, some key features, such as realtime monitoring, predictive analysis or edge/cloud computing, will differ in terms of relevance but the main concept and basic architecture of the DT are still prevalent across all domains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The emergent use of DT applications across a number of domains is on the rise.

    “The emergent use of DT applications across a number of domains is on the rise and, combined with enabling technologies such as big data, ML, advanced modeling, simulation and advanced communication interfaces, it enables insights on their physical twin's operation in a way that is useful and actionable by the designer or the operator.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The DT of the urban space in [32] uses information from three sources: citizens, IoT data from smart devices and sensors, and 3D and urban mobility data enabled by internet connectivity between the DT and the city's council.

    “In the experimental setup presented in [32], the DT of the urban space uses information from three sources: citizens, IoT data from smart devices and sensors and 3D and urban mobility data enabled by internet connectivity between the DT and the city's council [32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] White, 2021, A digital twin smart city for citizen feedback, Cities source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Research scientists are being left behind by industrial leaders moving towards detailed simulation modeling without considering true research questions about the capability of such systems powered by big data and AI, representing a significant gap.

    “Currently, research scientists are being left behind by several industrial leaders which are moving towards detailed simulation modeling without considering the true and powerful research questions about the capability of such systems powered by big data and AI, which represents a significant gap in some cases that needs to be filled.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The review employed a systematic literature review method in accordance with Charles Sturt University guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook [1].

    “For this work, a systematic literature review (SLR) method is employed in accordance with Charles Sturt University guidelines.Higgins et al. in the “Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention” [1] define a systematic review as one that “seeks to collate evidence that fits prespecified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Higgins, J.P.T., and Thomas, J. (2021). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons. Chapter Part 2: Core Methods. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The review selected articles from 2017-present and from Q1 and Q2 high-ranked journals as classified by Scopus.

    “We finally selected articles and publications from recent years (2017-present), and from Q1 and Q2 high-ranked journals (as classified by the Scopus journal search engine).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is a general framework for DT architecture composed of three main elements: the physical world, the virtual world and the connectivity between the two.

    “However, there is a general framework for the DT architecture which is composed of three main elements: the physical world, the virtual world and the connectivity between the two [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Campos-Ferreira, A., Lozoya-Santos, J.J., Vargas-Martínez, A., Mendoza, R., and Morales-Menéndez, R. (2019). Digital Twin Applications: A review. Memorias del Congreso Nacional de Control Automático, Asociación de México de Control Automático.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In terms of SRL for smart city DTs, considering the interests of all participants and stakeholders and balancing their utility are bottlenecks and pose a challenge that still needs to be solved.

    “In terms of the SRL for this type of DT, considering the interests of all participants and stakeholders and balancing their utility are the bottlenecks and pose a challenge that still needs to be solved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A DT must have a physical counterpart to be determined as such; without the physical counterpart, it is merely a digital model or a digital functional description.

    “The authors in [6] mention that a DT must have a physical counterpart to be determined as such.Without the physical counterpart, it is merely a digital model or a digital functional description [6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Biesinger, F., and Weyrich, M. (2019, January 23–26). The Facets of Digital Twins in Production and the Automotive Industry. Proceedings of the 2019 23rd International Conference on Mechatronics Technology (ICMT), Salerno, Italy. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The main databases used were ResearchGate, MDPI, Science Direct and ProQuest.

    “However, the main databases used were ResearchGate, MDPI, Science Direct and ProQuest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The significant challenges preventing integration of real-time data streams in DTs are data gathering, filtering and processing in real time, as well as device malfunctioning and poor calibration which may create anomalies or missing data points.

    “due to the significant challenge of data gathering, filtering and processing in real time, as well as device malfunctioning and poor calibration which may create anomalies or missing data points.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Smart city DTs offer a way of gathering and handling data for automated decision making.

    “Smart city DTs offer a way of gathering and handling data for automated decision making.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The maturity levels for DTs presented in [5] are agnostic of the industry domain or the technologies used to build the models.

    “One of the most important insights from [5] is related to a classification of several maturity levels for DTs as presented in Table 1, which are agnostic of the industry domain or the technologies used to build the models.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Evans, S., Savian, C., Burns, A., and Cooper, C. (2021, October 15). Digital Twins for the Built Environment: An Introduction to the Opportunities, Benefits, Challenges and Risks. Built Environmental News, Available online: https://www.theiet.org/impact-society/sectors/built-environment/built-environment-news/digital-twins-for-the-built-environment/.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Big data-based diagnosis and prognosis will be the mainstream research object, including algorithm design, feature extraction, performance improvement.

    “Big data-based diagnosis and prognosis will be the mainstream research object, including algorithm design, feature extraction, performance improvement, etc.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The review's search criteria were publications with "digital twin" in the keywords or title, published from 2017 to present, from application industries such as smart cities, freight logistics, medicine, engineering, automotive.

    “Search criteria: publications with the term “digital twin” in the keywords or in the title.2. Year of publication from 2017 to present.3. Publications were selected from different application industries such as smart cities, freight logistics, medicine, engineering, automotive, etc.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The use of ML and DL techniques has become more relevant as smart cities have become testbeds for data mining and ML.

    “The use of ML and DL techniques has become more relevant as smart cities have become “exciting testbeds for data mining and ML” [32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] White, 2021, A digital twin smart city for citizen feedback, Cities source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The latest implementations of smart cities seek to use information gathered from IoT real-time sensory information to improve efficiency, sustainability and security of urban spaces while reducing costs and resource consumption.

    “Other implementations of DTs as smart city applications can be found in [40] where the authors mention that the latest implementations of smart cities seek to use the information gathered from IoT real-time sensory information to “improve the efficiency, sustainability and security of urban spaces while reducing costs and resource consumption”.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Lee, S., Jain, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., and Son, Y.J. (June, January 30). A Multi-Paradigm Simulation for the Implementation of Digital Twins in Surveillance Applications. Proceedings of the 2020 IISE Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The functionality and behavior of a system depends on the correct interaction of modules with local intelligence.

    “On the other hand, the functionality and behavior of a system depends on the correct interaction of modules with a local intelligence [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Dahmen, U., and Rossmann, J. (2018, January 1–3). Experimentable Digital Twins for a Modeling and Simulation-based Engineering Approach. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE), Rome, Italy. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Low societal readiness is representative of applications where relevant stakeholders are not identified or consulted and the potential impact on society and the environment is not well defined.

    “This is representative of applications where relevant stakeholders are not identified or consulted, and the potential impact on society and the environment is not well defined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 18 studies selected for final comparison are representative of digital twin implementation across the reviewed domains.
    • Rests on an assumption: The assigned TRL, SRL and maturity spectrum levels accurately characterize each study's development stage.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Digital twins enable companies to make more accurate predictions, rational decisions and informed plans.

    “Thus, DTs enable companies to make more accurate predictions, rational decisions and informed plans [59].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Tao, 2018, Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art, IEEE Access source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Engineering applications of digital twins seek to predict the future behavior and performance of a physical system and to build relevant industrial big data that allow self-adaptive equipment behavior and support decision-making.

    “The engineering applications of DTs seek to predict the future behavior and the performance of a physical system (predictive) and build a relevant industrial big data that allow the self-adaptive behavior of the equipment, providing support in the decision-making process (interrogative) [24,60].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] Zhou, 2019, Digital Twin Framework and Its Application to Power Grid Online Analysis, CSSE J. Power Energy Syst. source
    • cites [60] Bottani, E., Assunta, C., Murino, T., and Vespoli, S. (2017, January 19–22). From the Cyber-Physical System to the Digital Twin: The process development for behaviour modelling of a Cyber Guided Vehicle in M2M logic. Proceedings of the Conference: XXII Summer School Francesco Turco–Industrial Systems Engineering, Paris, France.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A robust simulation requires precision, accuracy, data acquisition and synchronization.

    “Nonetheless, a robust simulation requires precision, accuracy, data acquisition and synchronization [24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Zhou, 2019, Digital Twin Framework and Its Application to Power Grid Online Analysis, CSSE J. Power Energy Syst. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Vehicles can be classified as systems-of-systems, which adds to the complexity of representing cars in a virtual world.

    “Vehicles can be classified as systems-of-systems which adds to the complexity of representing cars in a virtual world.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Big data sets would need to be monitored closely in terms of accuracy, frequency and level of agreement amongst all stakeholders.

    “Big data sets would need to be monitored closely in terms of accuracy, frequency and the level of agreement amongst all stakeholders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The increase in the amount of sensors needed comes with added complexity in data connectivity and processing, which poses a challenge to reaching level 3 in the maturity spectrum.

    “The increase in the amount of sensors needed comes with an added complexity with regard to data connectivity and processing which poses a challenge to reach level 3 in the maturity spectrum from Table 1 (where the digital model needs to be enriched with real-time information).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The reviewed literature is sufficiently comprehensive to identify the main challenges common to all domains.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The use of urban spaces and human health DTs is aligned with citizen well-being and Sustainable Development Goals which target a framework of sustainability for DT development.

    “The use of urban spaces and human health DTs is aligned with citizen well-being and Sustainable Development Goals which target a framework of sustainability for DT development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Developing more sustainable and society-centered DT applications that account for communities, governments and stakeholders is a point of improvement.

    “This suggests a point of improvement when it comes to developing more sustainable and society-centered applications where communities, governments and stakeholders are taken into account.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    DT insights lead to data-driven decision making, which in some domains is the main advantage of DTs.

    “This insight leads to a data-driven decision making, which in some domains is the main advantage of DTs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The increasing amount of publications and attention towards DTs is an important step for standardization organizations such as ISO to take DTs into account.

    “Although universal standards for this technology still lack widespread adoption, the increasing amount of publications and attention towards DTs is an important step for standardization organizations such as ISO to take DTs into account.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Universal standards for DT technology lack widespread adoption.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    More work needs to be done to fully enable autonomous, sustainable and accepted DTs in real environments.

    “Table 2 includes advanced applications of DTs, but more work needs to be done to fully enable autonomous, sustainable and accepted DTs in real environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    DT applications, combined with enabling technologies such as big data, ML, advanced modeling, simulation and advanced communication interfaces, enable insights on their physical twin's operation that are useful and actionable by the designer or operator.

    “The emergent use of DT applications across a number of domains is on the rise and, combined with enabling technologies such as big data, ML, advanced modeling, simulation and advanced communication interfaces, it enables insights on their physical twin's operation in a way that is useful and actionable by the designer or the operator.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Reaching DT technology's full potential will require addressing significant limitations and challenges for a modern DT implementation, such as costs, information complexity and maintenance, a lack of standards and regulations, and issues related to cybersecurity and communications.

    “DT technology is still in its early stages and reaching its full potential will require addressing significant limitations and challenges for a modern DT implementation, such as: costs, information complexity and maintenance, a lack of standards and regulations and issues related to cybersecurity and communications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Literature reviews [15][16][17][18] focus on the technical aspects of DT technology and explore trending technologies for a solid DT implementation.

    “Other literature reviews such as [9,13,62,84] focus on presenting the DT architecture, definitions, concepts and benefits while others, such as [15][16][17][18], focus on the technical aspect of the DT technology and explore the trending technologies for a solid DT implementation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15][16][17][18]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    With the large amount of data generated and analyzed in digital twin systems, big data algorithms and IoT technology are powerful allies that can provide support to successful digital twin implementations.

    “With the large amount of data generated and analyzed in DT systems, big data algorithms and the IoT technology are powerful allies that can provide support to a great extent to successful DT implementations [75].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Oracle (2018). Developing Applications with Oracle Internet of Things Cloud Service: Digital Twins. Oracle, Available online: https://docs.oracle.com/en/cloud/paas/iot-cloud/iotgs/oracle-iot-digital-twin-implementation.html.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: The reviewed literature is sufficiently comprehensive to identify the main challenges common to all domains.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Technologies and tools for data processing and analysis will be key enablers for further improvements in DTs.

    “Technologies and tools for data processing and analysis will be key enablers for further improvements in DTs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
66 of 66

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 18 studies selected for final comparison are representative of digital twin implementation across the reviewed domains.

    “the final steps of our current work focused on gathering and comparing a small set of studies (18 for this work).”
    “These studies were compiled using every criterion in our methodology and are summarized in Table 2, where enabling technology trends, TRL, SRL and maturity levels are presented for each domain.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The assigned TRL, SRL and maturity spectrum levels accurately characterize each study's development stage.

    “For evaluating different publications, a TRL, an SRL and a maturity spectrum index (only for implemented applications) were assigned.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The reviewed literature is sufficiently comprehensive to identify the main challenges common to all domains.

    “From the reviewed literature, five main challenges that are common for all domains were found in DT technology implementation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Universal standards for DT technology lack widespread adoption.

    “Although universal standards for this technology still lack widespread adoption, the increasing amount of publications and attention towards DTs is an important step for standardization organizations such as ISO to take DTs into account.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Cited ISO-standard reference is a logistics paper

    Minor

    The text cites [47] for the description of ISO 19650-3:2020, but reference 47 is titled as a paper about a transportation-sector four-corner model.

  • Four-corner model is attributed to the wrong reference

    Minor

    The account attributes the four-corner model to [48], whose listed title concerns urban last-mile logistics. The listed four-corner-model paper is reference 47.

  • Viral-infection study is attributed to a health-standard reference

    Minor

    The text identifies [53] as a study simulating viral infections, but reference 53 is titled as a standardized digital-twin framework for health and well-being. The viral-infection paper appears as reference 52.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Botin-Sanabria, D.M., Lozoya-Reyes, J.G., Vargas-Maldonado, R.C., Rodríguez-Hernández, K.L., Ramírez-Mendoza, R.A., Ramírez-Moreno, M.A., and Lozoya-Santos, J.J. (2021, January 3–5). Digital Twin for Urban Spaces: An Application. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Monterrey, Mexico.
  2. Quirk, 2020, Digital Twins: Details of Implementation: Part 2, AHRAE J., 62, 20
  3. Campos-Ferreira, A., Lozoya-Santos, J.J., Vargas-Martínez, A., Mendoza, R., and Morales-Menéndez, R. (2019). Digital Twin Applications: A review. Memorias del Congreso Nacional de Control Automático, Asociación de México de Control Automático.
  4. Quirk, 2020, Digital twins: Answering the hard questions, ASHRAE J., 62, 22
  5. Briggs, 2020, Deloitte Tech Trends 2020, Insights, 2020, 1
  6. Bottani, E., Assunta, C., Murino, T., and Vespoli, S. (2017, January 19–22). From the Cyber-Physical System to the Digital Twin: The process development for behaviour modelling of a Cyber Guided Vehicle in M2M logic. Proceedings of the Conference: XXII Summer School Francesco Turco–Industrial Systems Engineering, Paris, France.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Botín-Sanabria, D. M., Mihaita, A.-S., Peimbert-García, R. E., Ramírez-Moreno, M. A., Ramírez-Mendoza, R. A., & Lozoya-Santos, J. D. J.
Affiliations
  • Tecnológico de Monterrey (MX)
  • Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Corresponding author
Lozoya-Santos, Jorge de J.
ORCID
Venue
Remote Sensing
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-03-09
Volume
14
Issue
6
Pages
1335
ISSN
2072-4292 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/rs14061335
OpenAlex
W4220831070
Cited by
878
References
70
Citations by year
2026: 156 · 2025: 254 · 2024: 264 · 2023: 160 · 2022: 43
FWCI
82.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Remote Sensing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Applied Advanced Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › BIM and Construction Integration
Keywords
digital twin, implementation barriers, data-driven decision making, product validation, simulation, industrial applications, automotive applications, medical applications, smart cities

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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