The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 10 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany
Open accessAbstract
Cities are complex systems connected to economic, ecological, and demographic conditions and change. They are also characterized by diverging perceptions and interests of citizens and stakeholders. Thus, in the arena of urban planning, we are in need of approaches that are able to cope not only with urban complexity but also allow for participatory and collaborative processes to empower citizens. This to create democratic cities. Connected to the field of smart cities and citizens, we present in this paper, the prototype of an urban digital twin for the 30,000-people town of Herrenberg in Germany. Urban digital twins are sophisticated data models allowing for collaborative processes. The herein presented prototype comprises (1) a 3D model of the built environment, (2) a street network model using the theory and method of space syntax, (3) an urban mobility simulation, (4) a wind flow simulation, and (5) a number of empirical quantitative and qualitative data using volunteered geographic information (VGI). In addition, the urban digital twin was implemented in a visualization platform for virtual reality and was presented to the general public during diverse public participatory processes, as well as in the framework of the “Morgenstadt Werkstatt” (Tomorrow’s Cities Workshop). The results of a survey indicated that this method and technology could significantly aid in participatory and collaborative processes. Further understanding of how urban digital twins support urban planners, urban designers, and the general public as a collaboration and communication tool and for decision support allows us to be more intentional when creating smart cities and sustainable cities with the help of digital twins. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the presented results and further research directions.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The authors built a prototype urban digital twin for the 30,000-person town of Herrenberg, Germany, combining a 3D city model, space syntax street network analysis, SUMO mobility simulation, OpenFOAM airflow and pollution simulation, sensor-network environmental data, and volunteered geographic information, all visualized in VR via COVISE/OpenCOVER. A survey of 39 participants found the model was judged very positively and that most respondents believed virtual urban models could improve local planning and participation.
Key findings
- The Herrenberg digital twin prototype integrates eight components: (1) a 3D model of the built environment, (2) a space syntax street network model, (3) a SUMO urban mobility simulation, (4) an OpenFOAM air-flow simulation, (5) a pollution simulation using sensor data, (6) empirical quantitative pedestrian/cyclist route data, (7) empirical qualitative social data on place perception, and (8) photographic documentation.
- In the participant survey (n = 39, ages 16–80), the model was rated positively on a −3.00 to +3.00 polarity profile: interesting (+2.54), comprehensible (+2.37), concrete (+2.14), clearly arranged (+1.92), entertaining (+1.89), and simple (+1.56).
- 95% of respondents stated virtual urban models could have a positive effect on local planning, and 97% on public participatory processes.
- Respondents with prior participation experience (46% as citizens, 13% as official local representatives) rated the model more positively on five of six attributes; the exception was "complicated–simple," where the experienced group judged it more complicated.
- Nine traffic-planning scenarios for reducing congestion and pollution in the city core were tested alongside the 2018 status quo road network.
Methods
- Empirical and computational mixed-method design: a prototype urban digital twin was constructed for Herrenberg and embedded in the collaborative visualization environment COVISE, rendered through OpenCOVER for CAVE and head-mounted display VR.
- Data sources: regional DEM and digital building model (Landesamt für Geoinformation und Landentwicklung Baden-Württemberg) supplemented by Faro Focus 3D S 120 laser scans of the medieval center (May 2017); BIM data for the "Seeländer Areal" building; a citizen-science sensor network measuring PM 2.5/10, temperature, and humidity via the LuftdatenInfo platform; and the "Reallabor Tracker" mobile app (based on OSM Tracker) for VGI routes, place ratings, photos, and audio.
- Space syntax analysis used normalized angular choice (NACH) computed in depthmapX; mobility simulation used SUMO; wind flow and pollution simulations used OpenFOAM. Evaluation used a nine-question questionnaire with polarity profiles and open questions, yielding 39 responses.
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: the survey sample was small and non-representative; only respondents' views were captured, with no knowledge of how the models perform under real-life conditions; a full end-to-end test within an actual planning process would be needed; and the links respondents drew to former participation formats were made by the research team, so results should be treated with caution.
- Stated by the authors: as a model, the urban digital twin cannot include all information from the physical world, and there remains a need for additional social, economic, and environmental data (citing Batty 2018).
- Evident from the text: the participatory evaluation was conducted in a single German town and the authors describe their own impression that participation "proceeded well" as subjective; obtaining comprehensive BIM data was difficult due to complex responsibilities.
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Claims the paper makes
3 of 10 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The application of the theory and method of space syntax, which utilizes a graph theoretical approach, allowed us to analyze the through movement potentials for cars and pedestrians using the measure of normalized angular choice (NACH).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Yamu, C., Poplin, A., Devisch, O., and De Roo, G. (2018). Space Syntax: A method to measure urban space related to social, economic and cognitive factors. The Virtual and the Real in Planning and Urban Design: Perspectives, Practices and Applications, Routledge. source
- Partly supportedcites [22] Van Nes, A., and Yamu, C. (2020). Introduction to Space Syntax in Urban Studies, Springer. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The book’s About this book section describes space syntax as a method for urban analysis, and its chapter list includes “Analysing Linear Spatial Relationships: The Measures of Connectivity, Integration, and Choice” (pp. 35–86). The available passages do not explain normalized angular choice (NACH) or establish its use to assess through-movement potential for both cars and pedestrians; searches for those terms found no such passage. The citing authors’ statement that the method “allowed us” to conduct their analysis is their own account, not a result attributed to the book. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesEvery source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These technologies can enhance discussion and help build consensus among stakeholders [3].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Dembski, F., Wössner, U., and Yamu, C. (2019, January 8–13). Digital Twin, Virtual Reality and Space Syntax: Civic engagement and decision support for smart, sustainable cities. Proceedings of the 12th International Space Syntax Conference, Beijing, China. source
The Introduction states that virtual reality environments can enhance discussion and help build consensus among stakeholders. Section 4.4 also reports that virtual models may improve interaction between citizens and local representatives, while cautioning that their effects in real planning processes need further testing. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The urban digital twin model of Herrenberg was all-in-all judged very positively (Figure 8).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.3. Participant Survey
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was seen as interesting (+2.54), comprehensible (+2.37), concrete (+2.14), clearly arranged (+1.92), entertaining (+1.89), and simple (+1.56).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.3. Participant Survey
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People who already had prior experience with public participation processes rated these attributes, apart from simplicity, very highly.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, the group with prior experience judges the model more negatively in the sense of being complicated compared to the group without prior experience.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.3. Participant Survey
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was seen as interesting (+2.54), comprehensible (+2.37), concrete (+2.14), clearly arranged (+1.92), entertaining (+1.89), and simple (+1.56).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.3. Participant Survey
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was seen as interesting (+2.54), comprehensible (+2.37), concrete (+2.14), clearly arranged (+1.92), entertaining (+1.89), and simple (+1.56).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.3. Participant Survey
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost half of the respondents had these experiences as a citizen (46%) or as an official local representative (13%).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.3. Participant Survey
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, hundreds of people were involved in participatory processes by using mobile VR directly on-site during major events (Figure 7).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.2. Participatory and Collaborative Planning with Urban Digital Twins
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Using an urban digital twin in virtual reality is not only a novel way of using smart technologies for collaborative planning processes, but also facilitates consensus-building among participants with different backgrounds [3].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Dembski, F., Wössner, U., and Yamu, C. (2019, January 8–13). Digital Twin, Virtual Reality and Space Syntax: Civic engagement and decision support for smart, sustainable cities. Proceedings of the 12th International Space Syntax Conference, Beijing, China. source
The Introduction states the claim nearly verbatim: it describes using an urban digital twin in virtual reality as novel for collaborative planning and as facilitating consensus-building among participants with different backgrounds. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is based on open access data and open source software, giving back sovereignty of the data and access to information to the citizens.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 2. Background: The Smart(er) City
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three people stated that they had done both before.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.3. Participant Survey
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 3Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost everyone who filled out a questionnaire stated perceived positive effects (95% and 97%, respectively).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was seen as interesting, comprehensible, concrete, clearly arranged, simple, and entertaining.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The respondents wanted to know more about traffic flows, parking situations from Monday to Saturday, or the neighborhoods used only by pedestrians or cyclists.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using collaborative formats like stationary CAVEs or mobile facilities like VR back projection allows the engagement of up to 15 participants at the same time.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.2. Participatory and Collaborative Planning with Urban Digital Twins
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concreteness and transparency are the two main advantages of virtual models mentioned in the questionnaires.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The users of the visualizations in virtual reality were enabled to experience different scales and take their own perspective (e.g., in scale 1:1 but also on any other scale).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They find it to be more concrete, interesting, clearly arranged, entertaining, and comprehensible.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.3. Participant Survey
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They can help to improve the interaction processes between citizens on the one hand and official local representatives on the other, especially in view of the fact that urban planning processes can be very complex and time-consuming activities.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Urban digital twins allow us to pave a path towards sustainable urban development at all scales.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This simulation and combination of data allows investigators to relate emissions to the potential volume of traffic and the distribution of emissions taking wind and factors like temperature and humidity into account.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, experienced groups can implicitly or explicitly compare these classical formats with the urban digital twin model of Herrenberg.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participatory processes are still mainly carried out using 2D city representations like plans and planning concepts in mainly technical and/or expert language.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Virtual, interactive models remain uncommon in the context of urban planning processes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experts and laypeople could interact more efficiently and effectively through better presentation of the complex information in urban planning processes.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This opens up the potential to apply such digital twins in a similar configuration, of course, adapted to the respective situation and problems, to other small and medium-sized cities, of which there are thousands in Europe alone, facing similar challenges due to digital transformation and scarce resources.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, it was only a small, non-representative sample.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Herrenberg digital twin differs from other simulation-based studies in the field of smart cities, in particular by linking and combining various urban data from models, analysis, and simulation and by the implementation of social data collected from citizens.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 1. Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The urban digital twin allowed us to gain a better understanding of potential solutions for urban challenges involving public decision-making to reach consensus.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This makes participation more attractive and can include groups of people that are otherwise not easily reached by such formats, such as children, teenagers, residents with a migration background, language barriers, or with a low level of education.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.2. Participatory and Collaborative Planning with Urban Digital Twins
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This supports the involvement of a significant number of people in multiple sessions.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.2. Participatory and Collaborative Planning with Urban Digital Twins
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, by its nature as a model, the urban digital twin does not include all the information from the physical world and real life.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The processing of these big data sets and simulations in real-time requires high-performance computing (HPC).”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We do not know how well the models will actually work under real-life conditions.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The collected data was gathered under consideration of data protection and after the participants had been informed accordingly and subsequently anonymized.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the visualization in virtual reality (“virtual twin”) not only enables broad citizen participation but also collaboration between stakeholders.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 1. Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The advantage of using virtual reality environments is that different participants with diverging professional and personal backgrounds can be informed simultaneously.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, we have only the view of our respondents.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It has the potential to enable decision-makers to gain an understanding of the added value and limitation of digital technologies in the context of urban systems and applies digital technologies as a solution-oriented holistic approach.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Including historical data allows for a more accurate prediction of future scenarios.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Digital twins enable comprehensive data exchange and can contain models, simulations, and algorithms describing their counterpart, including its features and behavior in the real world [2].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Kuhn, 2018, Digitaler Zwilling, Informatik Spektrum source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is especially helpful in participatory processes to facilitate communication, to involve large heterogeneous groups of citizens, and, consequently, to build consensus.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Some complex data are difficult or impossible to understand in any other form, especially for laymen or for people unfamiliar with the subject.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of course, the urban digital twin cannot cover all aspects of real life or meet all expectations of participants in visualizations.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Digital tools can support citizen participation, but must be embedded in ʺserious dialoguesʺ that are valued by policymakers [25].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.2. Participatory and Collaborative Planning with Urban Digital Twins
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Renn, O., Ulmer, F., and Deckert, A. (2020). Digital tools in stakeholder participation for the Germany Energy Transition. Can digital tools improve participation and its outcome?. The Role of Public Participation in Energy Transitions, Academic Press Imprint. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This could be applied, for example, by facilitating communication processes between experts and laypeople through better presentation of complex information.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This simulation uses a microscopic, space continuous, and time discrete car-following and lane-changing model [23].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 2010, Traffic Simulation with SUMO—Simulation of Urban Mobiliy, Fundamentals of Traffic Simulation source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prototype of a digital twin for urban planning, set up in Herrenberg, has the potential to tackle urban complexity by visualizing complex processes and dependencies in urban systems, simulating possible outcomes, and impacts and taking into account the heterogeneous needs and requirements of its citizens by enabling participatory and collaborative planning.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 2. Background: The Smart(er) City
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Conventional planning tools and methods fail to deal with the complexity of urban systems, as well as with the understanding of citizen needs and requirements.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Changes and the representation of, e.g., variants, future designs, or visions were only possible in this form in virtual reality.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.2. Participatory and Collaborative Planning with Urban Digital Twins
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the implicit or explicit links to former participation formats in the minds of our respondents were done by the research team in our context.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Model validation and consolidation were carried out with a questionnaire with 39 participants, enabling us to evaluate the meaningfulness of our approach.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This information allows us to adjust the urban digital twin to the needs of citizens in order to provide an easy-to-comprehend model for the growing complexity of cities and towns.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Batty (2018) stated that there remains a strong need for additional social, economic, and environmental data [1].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Batty, 2018, Digital twins, Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci. source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In general, the Stuttgart hinterland can be characterized by a high traffic volume, mainly due to the high dependency on commuting, fragmented communities, and a lack of spatial governance [24].”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.1. Case Study: The Town of Herrenberg, Germany
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Brenner Ingenieurgesellschaft GmbH (2014). Verkehrsvarianten zur Entlastung der Innenstadt, Stadt Herrenberg. Report.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, as is often the case, data acquisition was also an issue: due to the complex nature of responsibilities, it was difficult to obtain comprehensive BIM data.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The urban digital twin, as set up in Herrenberg, embraces both.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Smart city projects demand two crucial competencies: an understanding of the impact of implementing digital technologies in the context of urban systems, and integrating solutions that overcome departmental thinking.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Understanding spatial configuration not only allows us to develop scenarios but also to test them against the whole system.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 3. Methods and Data
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following this assumption, the fact that the model is judged more positively on five of the six dimensions by people with prior experience compared to people without this experience leads to the conclusion that virtual models have the potential to improve participatory processes.”
§ Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany > 4.4. Discussion of results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participatory processes are still mainly carried out using 2D city representations like plans and planning concepts in mainly technical and/or expert language.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Virtual, interactive models remain uncommon in the context of urban planning processes.
The paper relies on this without support.
Herrenberg's historical core is strongly affected by car traffic due to earlier planning decisions and implementation.
“Its historical core, however, is strongly affected by car traffic due to earlier planning decisions and implementation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Conventional planning tools and methods fail to deal with the complexity of urban systems, as well as with the understanding of citizen needs and requirements.
“Conventional planning tools and methods fail to deal with the complexity of urban systems, as well as with the understanding of citizen needs and requirements.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The advantage of using virtual reality environments is that different participants with diverging professional and personal backgrounds can be informed simultaneously.
“The advantage of using virtual reality environments-such as stereoscopic back projection units, large 3D display respectively tiled display systems or CAVEs (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment), for example-is that different participants with diverging professional and personal backgrounds can be informed simultaneously.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Participatory processes are still mainly carried out using 2D city representations like plans and planning concepts in mainly technical and/or expert language.
“We suspect that participatory processes are still mainly carried out using 2D city representations like plans and planning concepts in mainly technical and/or expert language.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Virtual, interactive models remain uncommon in the context of urban planning processes.
“Virtual, interactive models remain uncommon in the context of urban planning processes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The town of Herrenberg is affected by a high traffic load and a certain amount of air pollution.
“The town located in the peri-urban region of Stuttgart is affected by a high traffic load and, consequently, a certain amount of air pollution.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only a few smart city projects have been singularly successful.
“it is not surprising that only a few have been singularly successful.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Smart city projects demand two crucial competencies: an understanding of the impact of implementing digital technologies in the context of urban systems, and integrating solutions that overcome departmental thinking.
“Smart city projects demand two crucial competencies: an understanding of the impact of implementing digital technologies in the context of urban systems, and integrating solutions that overcome departmental thinking.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If these competencies are not taken into account, the great potential of digital technologies and solutions remains unused.
“If these competencies are not taken into account, the great potential of digital technologies and solutions remains unused.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some complex data are difficult or impossible to understand in any other form, especially for laymen or for people unfamiliar with the subject.
“Some complex data are difficult or impossible to understand in any other form, especially for laymen or for people unfamiliar with the subject.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“City-scale DTs are used to improve the quality of life, mobility and services of the citizens [22] in such a way that technological advances are people-centered and improve the quality of life of citizens rather than achieve economic efficiency [23].”
From Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Using an urban digital twin in virtual reality is not only a novel way of using smart technologies for collaborative planning processes, but also facilitates consensus-building among participants with different backgrounds [3].”
From Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These technologies can enhance discussion and help build consensus among stakeholders [3].”
From Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Arnstein citation points to a Glaeser reference
MinorThe text attributes the cited point to Arnstein (1969), but reference [4] lists a 2006 work by Glaeser and colleagues.
“As Arnstein (1969) points out, it needs real power and not only empty rituals to affect the outcome of such processes [4].”
“4. Glaeser, E.L.; Ponzetto, G.; Shleifer, A. Why Does Democracy Need Education? NBER Working Paper Series; Working Paper 12128; NBER: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2006; p. 45.”
Citations
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“…active shutter glasses [5] for the participants (photo credited to Dembski, 2019). tracking system [2], computer [3,4], a 3D-projector, and active shutter glasses [5] for the participants Citizen participation using the digital twin in VR proceeded well; at least that was our subjective opinion.”
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“Furthermore, Batty (2018) stated that there remains a strong need for additional social, economic, and environmental data [1].”
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“…and ethical implications of the development of these digital technologies, as well as the growing influence of technology giants on city economics, the freedom and privacy of its inhabitants [19] are a separate issue and not taken into account adequately within many of these definitions and concepts.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Moreno, C., Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C., & Pratlong, F. (2021) · Smart Cities · doi:10.3390/smartcities4010006 · Cited by 2,081
“For instance, within the Smart City concept, factors such as inclusivity, resident participation and real-time delivery of services are encouraged through varying platforms—including digital [53,102,103]—just as in the case in Moreno’s proposed concept.”
BackgroundDigital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review
Botín-Sanabria, D. M., Mihaita, A.-S., Peimbert-García, R. E., Ramírez-Moreno, M. A., Ramírez-Mendoza, R. A., & Lozoya-Santos, J. D. J. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14061335 · Cited by 878
City Digital Twin Potentials: A Review and Research Agenda
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Digital Twins From Smart Manufacturing to Smart Cities: A Survey
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“Another DT prototype developed for use in the town of Herrenberg in Germany is presented in [103]. also discussed briefly in the previous section.”
BackgroundUrban Digital Twin Challenges: A Systematic Review and Perspectives for Sustainable Smart Cities
Weil, C., Bibri, S. E., Longchamp, R., Golay, F., & Alahi, A. (2023) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104862 · Cited by 376
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The adoption of urban digital twins
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“For example, in the digital twin of Herrenberg (Germany) developed by Dembski et al. (2020), atmospheric pollution sensors were deployed to monitor and predict urban atmospheric pollution, Sofia et al. (2020) used strain gauges to monitor a bridge and Whyte et al. (2019) employed water-level…”
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“Among the current hurdles to achieving inclusivity are the bias of developers' socio-economic background, contributing to a de fi ciency in cultural diversity in data [25] and the selection of information communication methods [59].”
BackgroundPotential and limitations of digital twins to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
Tzachor, A., Sabri, S., Richards, C. E., Rajabifard, A., & Acuto, M. (2022) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00923-7 · Cited by 224
“…in a virtual environment can help to de-risk novel applications by facilitating an understanding of their functionality in achieving a healthy and pollution-free environment, as well as in reducing energy consumption for the building occupants 21,22 (supporting targets 3.9, 7.3, 11.6 and 11.b).”
BackgroundInfluentialBig data, machine learning, and digital twin assisted additive manufacturing: A review
Jin, L., Zhai, X., Wang, K., Zhang, K., Wu, D., Nazir, A., Jiang, J., & Liao, W. (2024) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113086 · Cited by 232
Digital twin of a city: Review of technology serving city needs
Lehtola, V., Koeva, M., Elberink, S. O., Raposo, P., Virtanen, J., Vahdatikhaki, F., & Borsci, S. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2022.102915 · Cited by 206
“Concurrently DT systems are seen as a way of involving stakeholders in co-design and in reviewing systems to define how to implement modifications in complex ecosystems like cities (Lee et al., 2021a; Du et al., 2020; Dembski et al., 2020).”
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“Other smart technologies such as internet-of-things (IoT) [65], autonomous vehicles (AV) [66,67], big data [68], 5G wireless communication [69], robotics [70], blockchain [71], cloud computing [72], 3D printing [73], virtual reality (VR) [74], augmented reality (AR) [75], digital twins [76], and so on are also transfo…”
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Digital Twin for Civil Engineering Systems: An Exploratory Review for Distributed Sensing Updating
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Digital Twin for Urban Planning in the Green Deal Era: A State of the Art and Future Perspectives
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“As indicated by Dembski et al. (2020), variables with external loadings of less than 0.70 were deemed compatible with criteria and eliminated from any further analysis [9].”
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“This then makes it possible to virtualise, analyse, simulate, test, and map different aspects and scenarios in the virtual world to help in making informed decisions, including predictions and modelling that ultimately influence situations in the physical world [42].”
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“Despite its long history in public administration, there is no universally accepted definition that aligns with a global understanding of the concept [42].”
InfluentialXu, H., Berres, A., Yoginath, S. B., et al. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3226746 · Cited by 96
“Although some digital twin prototypes [21] can execute static urban mobility simulation and visualize traffic flows and 3D building environments in townships, they do not enable any optimization of the real-world transportation systems through automated pipelines.”
BackgroundDestination Earth – A digital twin in support of climate services
Hoffmann, J., Bauer, P., Sandu, I., Wedi, N., Geenen, T., & Thiemert, D. (2023) · Climate Services · doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100394 · Cited by 97
Literature review of digital twin technologies for civil infrastructure
Liu, C., Zhang, P., & Xu, X. (2023) · Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience · doi:10.1016/j.iintel.2023.100050 · Cited by 98
A Review of Digital Twin Applications in Civil and Infrastructure Emergency Management
Cheng, R., Hou, L., & Xu, S. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13051143 · Cited by 94
Jeddoub, I., Nys, G., Hajji, R., & Billen, R. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2023.103440 · Cited by 101
Sheraz, M., Chuah, T. C., Lee, Y. L., Alam, M. M., Al-Habashna, A., & Han, Z. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3384272 · Cited by 106
“The smart city market is projected to surpass USD 2376 billion by 2025 [89].”
BackgroundAssessing governance implications of city digital twin technology: A maturity model approach
Haraguchi, M., Funahashi, T., & Biljecki, F. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123409 · Cited by 92
“Along with concreteness, transparency was one of the main advantages of CDTs among users who responded to a questionnaire by Dembski, Wössner, Letzgus, Ruddat, and Yamu (2020).”
BackgroundLartey, D., & Law, K. M. Y. (2025) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2025.105337 · Cited by 123
Banfi, F., Brumana, R., Salvalai, G., & Previtali, M. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15124497 · Cited by 93
Smart Cities and Urban Energy Planning: An Advanced Review of Promises and Challenges
Esfandi, S., Tayebi, S., Byrne, J., Taminiau, J., Giyahchi, G., & Alavi, S. A. (2024) · Smart Cities · doi:10.3390/smartcities7010016 · Cited by 114
“Energy storage, for instance, influences smart grid functionality by balancing supply and demand, storing surplus power during low demand, and deploying it during peak times, thus enhancing the grid’s capability to manage energy efficiently [165,166].”
BackgroundDigital Post-Disaster Risk Management Twinning: A Review and Improved Conceptual Framework
Lagap, U., & Ghaffarian, S. (2024) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104629 · Cited by 82
Abdelrahman, M., Macatulad, E., Lei, B., Quintana, M., Miller, C., & Biljecki, F. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112748 · Cited by 120
Digital twinning as an act of governance in the wind energy sector
Solman, H., Kirkegaard, J. K., Smits, M. C. J., Vliet, B. J. M. V., & Bush, S. R. (2021) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2021.10.027 · Cited by 88
Jia, W., Wang, W., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2023.101915 · Cited by 89
Huang, J., Bibri, S. E., & Keel, P. E. (2025) · Environmental Science and Ecotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.ese.2025.100526 · Cited by 108
“Current UDT frameworks remain inadequate in handling the complexity of urban systems [67,68,146] and often lack proper validation mechanisms [66,147].”
Kikuchi, N., Fukuda, T., & Yabuki, N. (2022) · Journal of Computational Design and Engineering · doi:10.1093/jcde/qwac032 · Cited by 81
Human mobility data and analysis for urban resilience: A systematic review
Haraguchi, M., Nishino, A., Kodaka, A., Allaire, M. C., Lall, U., Liao, K., Onda, K., Tsubouchi, K., & Kohtake, N. (2022) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083221075634 · Cited by 86
“A digital twin city is a digital representation of a city, enabling comprehensive data exchange and containing models, simulations, and algorithms describing features and behaviors, including mobility, in the real world city (Papyshev and Yarime, 2021; Dembski et al., 2020).”
MethodLiu, Y., Yu, W., Rahayu, W. J., & Dillon, T. S. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3246100 · Cited by 80
“Digital twins are being deployed in various fields [6], [7], [8] and offer opportunities for smart cities [9], smart manufacturing, smart healthcare, smart traffic, smart farming [10], and so on.”
BackgroundPapyshev, G., & Yarime, M. (2021) · Data & Policy · doi:10.1017/dap.2021.17 · Cited by 81
“Urban mobility simulation is a part of the current generation of CDTs (Dembski et al., 2020), where agent-based models are being used to simulate the mobility behavior of city inhabitants based on mobile phone data (Wu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSadeghi, A., Bellavista, P., Song, W., & Yazdani-Asrami, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3371902 · Cited by 90
“…as power systems [110], [111], [112], [113], oil and gas energy systems [114], [115], healthcare sector [116], [117], [118], marine industry [119], [120], [121], smart cities [122], [123], [124], agriculture [125], [126], [127], environmental protection [128], and construction [129], [130], [131].”
The Social Digital Twin:The Social Turn in the Field of Smart Cities
Ravid, B. Y., & Aharon–Gutman, M. (2022) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083221137079 · Cited by 73
“Therefore, typical UDTs deal with a speci fi c topic or issue, such as planning (Schrotter and Hürzeler, 2020), sustainability (Dembski et al., 2020), or disaster management (Fan et al., 2021), to name just a few.”
BackgroundOmrany, H., Al-Obaidi, K. M., Hossain, M., Alduais, N. A. M., Al-Duais, H. S., & Ghaffarianhoseini, A. (2024) · Discover Cities · doi:10.1007/s44327-024-00002-w · Cited by 84
“Segura-Garcia et al. [148] [149] developed an urban digital twin and computational simulations such as space syntax, SUMO—Simulation of Urban Mobility and simulated wind flow by installing a test sensor and mobile App – Reallabor Tracker for citizen’s feedback.”
Smart City Digital Twin Framework for Real-Time Multi-Data Integration and Wide Public Distribution
Adreani, L., Bellini, P., Fanfani, M., Nesi, P., & Pantaleo, G. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3406795 · Cited by 89
“…example, Helsinki [32, 33, 34], Gothenburg, Paris, Rennes [35], London, New Castle, Rotterdam [36], Berlin [37], Stockholm [38], Zurich [29], Herrenberg [40], Munich in Europe; Toronto [41], Boston [42] in Nord America; Amaravati, Singapore [43], Shanghai [44] in Asia; Wellington [45] in Oceania.”
BackgroundABCD Analysis of Industries Using High-Performance Computing
A., S. K. P., & Kunte, R. S. R. (2023) · International Journal of Case Studies in Business IT and Education · doi:10.47992/ijcsbe.2581.6942.0282 · Cited by 66
Digital Twins' Maturity: The Need for Interoperability
Klar, R., Arvidsson, N., & Angelakis, V. (2023) · IEEE Systems Journal · doi:10.1109/jsyst.2023.3340422 · Cited by 71
“This allows the city’s DT to continuously collect data on various processes, such as traffic [12], energy [67], and the environment [68], and to map all processes in real time, promoting a high level of situational awareness.”
BackgroundInfluentialHybrid modeling — a key enabler towards realizing digital twins in biopharma?
Sokolov, M., von Stosch, M., Narayanan, H., Feidl, F., & Butté, A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.coche.2021.100715 · Cited by 57
Developments of digital twin technologies in industrial, smart city and healthcare sectors: a survey
Yang, D., Karimi, H. R., Kaynak, O., & Yin, S. (2021) · Complex Engineering Systems · doi:10.20517/ces.2021.06 · Cited by 65
City digital twins for urban resilience
Therias, A., & Rafiee, A. (2023) · International Journal of Digital Earth · doi:10.1080/17538947.2023.2264827 · Cited by 81
“For example, after engaging with the Herrenberg CDT prototype, participants proposed improvements on the accessibility and visual aesthetic (Dembski et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGhaith, M., Yosri, A., & El-Dakhakhni, W. W. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14223619 · Cited by 72
City Digital Twins: their maturity level and differentiation from 3D city models
Masoumi, H., Shirowzhan, S., Eskandarpour, P., & Pettit, C. J. (2023) · Big Earth Data · doi:10.1080/20964471.2022.2160156 · Cited by 67
“Despite the benefits of such participation for improving digital twins, few of the reviewed papers applied community and stakeholder participation through interviews (Hämäläinen, 2021; Çetin et al., 2021) and workshops (Matthys et al., 2021), or VGI (Dembski et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRemote sensing of diverse urban environments: From the single city to multiple cities
Chen, G., Zhou, Y., Voogt, J., & Stokes, E. C. (2024) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2024.114108 · Cited by 73
“They are also key to implementing “ digital twins ” , which aim to simulate the urban environment and tackle complex urban challenges in an immersive 3D environment (Dembski et al., 2020).”
Integration and digitalization in the manufacturing of therapeutic proteins
Narayanan, H., Sponchioni, M., & Morbidelli, M. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2021.117159 · Cited by 62
A Geospatial Platform to Manage Large-Scale Individual Mobility for an Urban Digital Twin Platform
Lee, A., Lee, K., Kim, K.-H., & Shin, S.-W. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14030723 · Cited by 62
“Cities can also be subjects of digital twin technology [6,7].”
BackgroundLei, B., Liu, P., Milojevic-Dupont, N., & Biljecki, F. (2024) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102129 · Cited by 63
“…a growing global focus on sustainability, investigations into such topics, ranging from energy consumption to vertical farming and micro-climate, have become increasingly prevalent in contemporary discussions (Palliwal et al., 2021; Teng et al., 2021; Fathy et al., 2021; Dembski et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTozanlı, Ö., Kongar, E., & Gupta, S. M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12135416 · Cited by 54
“These models grasp sensor data continuously and simulate real-life instances [17,24,88].”
BackgroundAbdeen, F. N., Shirowzhan, S., & Sepasgozar, S. M. E. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.102032 · Cited by 58
Wang, X., Yu, H., McGee, W., et al. (2024) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2024.104112 · Cited by 58
“Digital twins can be used for visualizing and incorporating information from different resources, and they also support real-time communication and interaction [60,61].”
BackgroundLuo, J., Liu, P., Xu, W., Zhao, T., & Biljecki, F. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.105473 · Cited by 60
Florido‐Benítez, L. (2024) · International Journal of Tourism Cities · doi:10.1108/ijtc-05-2024-0111 · Cited by 71
Tan, J., Leng, J., Zeng, X., Feng, D., & Yu, P. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12071053 · Cited by 56
Corrado, C. R., DeLong, S. M., Holt, E. G., Hua, E. Y., & Tolk, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142012988 · Cited by 60
Urban greening for climate resilient and sustainable cities: grand challenges and opportunities
Kumar, P., Sahani, J., Perez, K. C., Ahlawat, A., Andrade, M. D. F., Athanassiadou, M., Cao, S., Collins, L. S., Dey, S., Sabatino, S. D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2025.1595280 · Cited by 70
A review on applications of integrated terahertz systems
Lu, X., Venkatesh, S., & Saeidi, H. (2021) · China Communications · doi:10.23919/jcc.2021.05.011 · Cited by 55
“Besides projecting human features, an urban digital twin is another example of utilizing a high volume of real-time data to allow sustainable governance of cities by taking real-time economic, ecological, and demographic conditions into considerations [16].”
BackgroundEnabling Digital Twins to Support the UN SDGs
Hassani, H., Huang, X., & MacFeely, S. (2022) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc6040115 · Cited by 58
Samarakkody, A., Amaratunga, D., & Haigh, R. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151512036 · Cited by 35
“…them to tackle urban complexities by visualizing the complex processes in urban systems and their dependencies, simulating possible impacts/outcomes, with a particular consideration of the heterogeneous requirements and needs of its citizens to enable collaborative and participatory planning [15].”
Exploring digital twin systems in mining operations: A review
Nobahar, P., Xu, C., Dowd, P. A., & Faradonbeh, R. S. (2024) · Green and Smart Mining Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.gsme.2024.09.003 · Cited by 75
Kavouras, I., Sardis, E., Protopapadakis, E. E., Rallis, I., Doulamis, A. D., & Doulamis, N. D. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15032297 · Cited by 51
A user-centred virtual city information model for inclusive community design: State-of-art
Najafi, P., Mohammadi, M., van Wesemael, P. J. V., & Blanc, P. M. L. (2023) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2023.104203 · Cited by 52
Eilola, S., Jaalama, K., Kangassalo, P., Nummi, P., Staffans, A., & Fagerholm, N. (2023) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104716 · Cited by 53
“…with smaller groups of stakeholders are also pertinent but less common for example a VR environment that is cross-compatible with CAVE, HMD and other display types (Dembski et al., 2020) and virtual reality laboratory with 3D visualisation projected onto a large curved screen (Hassan et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdeagbo, M. O., Wang, S.-M., & Ni, Y. (2024) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2024.102450 · Cited by 55
“Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans”: Key Concepts and a Critical Revision on SUMPs Guidelines
Torrisi, V., Garau, C., Ignaccolo, M., et al. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58820-5_45 · Cited by 50
Luo, J., Liu, P., & Cao, L. (2022) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi11080452 · Cited by 53
Quek, H. Y., Sielker, F., Akroyd, J., Bhave, A. N., von Richthofen, A., Herthogs, P., Yamu, C. V. D. L., Wan, L., Nochta, T., Burgess, G., et al. (2023) · Data & Policy · doi:10.1017/dap.2023.1 · Cited by 48
“Moreover, CDTs are anticipated to enable an unprecedented scope for stakeholder engagement in public participation and collaboration between the experts as well as non-human actors and machines (Dembski et al., 2020; Shahat et al., 2021).”
BackgroundUrban Climate Informatics: An Emerging Research Field
Middel, A., Nazarian, N., Demuzere, M., & Bechtel, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.867434 · Cited by 48
“Although still in their infancy, Digital Twins have already been used to support collaborative and participatory urban planning and aid in hyper-local air pollution mitigation (Dembski et al., 2020).”
MethodUnderpass clearance checking in highway widening projects using digital twins
Jiang, F., Ma, L., Broyd, T., et al. (2022) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104406 · Cited by 48
Beil, C., Ruhdorfer, R., Coduro, T., et al. (2020) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi9100603 · Cited by 46
Liu, W., Lv, Y., Wang, Q., Sun, B., & Han, D. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14113475 · Cited by 58
Small-Town Citizens’ Technology Acceptance of Smart and Sustainable City Development
Baldi, G., Megaro, A., & Carrubbo, L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15010325 · Cited by 50
Smart Governance Toolbox: A Systematic Literature Review
Ruijer, E. H. J. M., van Twist, A., Haaker, T., Tartarin, T., Schuurman, N., Melenhorst, M., & Meijer, A. J. (2023) · Smart Cities · doi:10.3390/smartcities6020042 · Cited by 43
“For example, the city of Herrenberg uses an urban digital twin, a sophisticated data model, to aid collaboration with citizens [43].”
BackgroundDigital Twins for Smart Spaces—Beyond IoT Analytics
Motlagh, N. H., Zaidan, M. A., Lovén, L., et al. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3287032 · Cited by 42
“Indeed, digital twins and the underlying IoT and other technologies are a key step in the next-generation transformation of industry [4], [5], [6].”
BackgroundSánchez–Vaquerizo, J. A. (2024) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09812-3 · Cited by 60
“XR has been proven to be very handful for research behavior in the built environment and to enhance the role of citizens as active agents of innovation, inclusion, and social development (Dembski et al., 2020; Hudson-Smith & Batty, 2023; Hudson-Smith et al., 2022; Sanchez-Sepulveda et al., 2019; VU.”
InfluentialBudzik, G., Sylla, M., & Kowalczyk, T. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17010142 · Cited by 51
Metadata
- Authors
- Dembski, F., Wössner, U., Letzgus, M., Ruddat, M., & Yamu, C.
- Affiliations
- High-Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS), Nobelstraße 19, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering (DE)
- University of Stuttgart (DE)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Yamu, Claudia
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-03-16
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2307
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3011950450
- Semantic Scholar
- 12620db190497050f70e1d1a29cf6e1a18898992
- Cited by
- 622
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 145 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 12
- FWCI
- 29.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OPUS Publication Server of the University of Stuttgart (University of Stuttgart) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universitätsbibliothek Stuttgart (cc-by)
- Funders
- Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg (Living Labs: City Districts 4.0)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Smart Cities and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › 3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Geographic Information Systems Studies
- Keywords
- urban digital twins, smart cities, citizen participation, participatory urban planning, Herrenberg, space syntax, street network analysis, urban mobility simulation, wind field simulation, volunteered geographic information, virtual reality visualization, public workshops, decision support, democratic city
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