Durable Freshwater Protection: A Framework for Establishing and Maintaining Long-Term Protection for Freshwater Ecosystems and the Values They Sustain
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Long-term protection is needed to secure threatened freshwater ecosystems and the social and biodiversity values they provide. In the face of existing and future pressures, current approaches to freshwater protection are often inadequate for maintaining ecosystem values into the future. While terrestrial and marine ecosystem protection are well recognized and have area-based protection goals in global conventions, freshwater ecosystem characteristics have remained poorly represented in these goals. Freshwater ecosystems are commonly secondary or unaddressed components of area-based terrestrial protection. The design and management for terrestrial-based protection are generally inadequate for addressing freshwater ecosystem processes and attributes critical for maintaining their natural patterns and the values they provide to people and nature. Given that freshwater-dependent species are declining at a faster rate than marine and terrestrial species, and the reliance and use of freshwater ecosystems by people living around such areas, approaches to protect them must balance the needs of people and nature and accommodate these complexities.
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There are several important types of protection of inland waters that are not specifically area based; examples include national decrees, or agreements based on environmental flow requirements.
“There are several important types of protection of inland waters that are not specifically area based.Examples include national decrees, or agreements based on environmental flow requirements (for further examples see Higgins et al., 2021; Perry et al., 2021).”
From Protecting and restoring habitats to benefit freshwater biodiversity (2024) · cites this paper as Higgins et al., 2021
Section 3.4.2 describes a water-resources agreement that protects rivers and lakes without focusing on specific designated areas. Table 2 and the Mexico example also describe national legislation and protections based on environmental-flow requirements. The copy does not, however, say that the agreement itself is based on environmental-flow requirements. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInland water systems have five key ecological attributes that sustain ecosystem functions: hydrologic regime, connectivity, water quality, habitat and biotic composition.
“Inland water systems have five key ecological attributes that sustain ecosystem functions -hydrologic regime, connectivity, water quality, habitat and biotic composition.”
From Protecting and restoring habitats to benefit freshwater biodiversity (2024) · cites this paper as Higgins et al. 2021
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The Future of Salmonids in a Rapidly Changing World
Williams, J. E., Kershner, J. L., & Zablocki, J. A. (2024) · Fish & fisheries series/Fish and fisheries series (Print) · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44389-3_28 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationTaking stock of caps on water use: fostering sustainability or falling short?
Wight, C., Richter, B. D., Ayala, G., Blevins, L., Carter, K., Carter, S., Coughlin, B., Delzell, S., Diment, L. A., Fabiano, A., et al. (2024) · Water Policy · doi:10.2166/wp.2024.071 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
AFAR-WQS: A Quick and Simple Toolbox for Water Quality Simulation
Rogéliz, C. A., & Nogales, J. (2025) · Water · doi:10.3390/w17050672 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rosenfeld, J. S. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2024-0420 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Barbosa, F. A. R., D'Andrea, C. E., Ciminelli, V. S. T., Costa, H. S. D. M., Mortimer, E. F., Barreto, F. C. S., & Takahashi, R. (2025) · Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology · doi:10.1016/j.ecohyd.2025.100707 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Safeguarding, strengthening and expanding river protections for nature and people
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THEFAM: An AI-Enhanced Framework for Assessing Thermal Ecological Flow Time Series in River Networks
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Valentim, H., Almeida, S. F. P., da Costa, S. J., Varandas, S. D. G. P., Montag, L. F. A., Aguiar, F. C., Filipe, A. F., Macedo, P., Hermoso, V., Pardo, I., et al. (2026) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2026.104522
- Authors
- Higgins, J., Zablocki, J., Newsock, A., Krolopp, A., Tabas, P., & Salama, M.
- Affiliations
- The Nature Conservancy (US)
- Corresponding author
- Higgins, Jonathan
- ORCID
- Higgins, Jonathan
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-02-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1950
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3126384679
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity
- Keywords
- long-term preservation, area-based conservation, biodiversity values, ecosystem services, conservation planning, human-nature balance
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