Evaluation of Mine Land Ecological Resilience: Application of the Vague Sets Model Under the Nature-Based Solutions Framework

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Gan Xian's II interval of [0.3177, 0.3922] is dominant and overlaps with the I interval.

“Specifically, Gan Xian's”

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Compared to AHP subjective weights, the CRITIC method assigns a higher weight to the Driver (D) dimension and significantly reduces the weight of the Impact (I) dimension.

“Compared to the AHP subjective weights, the CRITIC method assigns a higher weight to the Driver (D) dimension while significantly reducing the weight of the Impact (I) dimension.”

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This system includes 21 secondary indicators across five dimensions-drivers, pressure, state, impact, and response-breaking through the traditional limitation of focusing on short-term restoration while neglecting long-term sustainability.

“This system includes 21 secondary indicators across five dimensions-drivers, pressure, state, impact, and response-breaking through the traditional limitation of focusing on short-term restoration while neglecting long-term sustainability.”

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The study constructs an MLER evaluation system based on NbS and DPSIR, covering natural ecology, socio-economics, and policy management, with 21 secondary indicators.

“This system covers multiple aspects, including natural ecology, socio-economics, and policy management, comprising 21 secondary indicators that comprehensively respond to NbS' fundamental principles of “nature-guided, multi-party collaboration, and long-term adaptation.””

• cites [44] Wen, 2023, Application of Spatial Analytical Methods to Nature-based Solutions: Review of Research Progress, South Archit.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

The quote only partly states this claim.

The Xun Wu mining area ranks highest in the IV category with an interval membership of [0.3451, 0.4199].

“In contrast, the Xun Wu mining area ranks highest in the”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four selected mining areas (Xing Guo, Gan Xian, Yu Du, Xun Wu) are comparable and representative for evaluating differences in MLER.

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The weights derived from the multiplicative synthesis method exhibit significant extreme differences; for instance, D4 reaches 0.068 while R4 is only 0.024.

“The weights derived from the multiplicative synthesis method exhibit significant extreme differences; for instance, D4 (Natural adaptability of restoration technology) reaches 0.068 while R4 (GDP) is only 0.024.”

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Although the Least Squares Method shows smaller fluctuations, it fails to sufficiently distinguish core indicators from secondary ones, as evidenced by the nearly identical weights assigned to S3 and D3.

“Although the Least Squares Method shows smaller fluctuations, it fails to sufficiently distinguish core indicators from secondary ones, as evidenced by the nearly identical weights assigned to S3 (Soil fertility level) and D3 (In-depth community participation in decision-making).”

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The weights generated by the game theory-based combination are concentrated within the range of 0.033-0.057, with an extreme difference of only 0.024.

“In contrast, the weights generated by the game theory-based combination are concentrated within the range of 0.033-0.057,with an extreme difference of only 0.024.”

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Yu Du's II interval has the widest coverage, but its stability is slightly compromised by constraints from local indicators.

“While Yu Du's”

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The Xing Guo mining area is classified as I, with the highest interval membership degree of [0.3327, 0.4285].

“The Xing Guo mining area is classified as I, with the highest interval membership degree of [0.3327, 0.4285].”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four selected mining areas (Xing Guo, Gan Xian, Yu Du, Xun Wu) are comparable and representative for evaluating differences in MLER.

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Both Gan Xian and Yu Du mining areas are classified as II.

“Both Gan Xian and Yu Du mining areas are classified as II.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four selected mining areas (Xing Guo, Gan Xian, Yu Du, Xun Wu) are comparable and representative for evaluating differences in MLER.

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Indicators R1 (Intensity of restoration investment), P2 (Annual average temperature grade), and D4 (Natural adaptability of restoration technology) exhibit higher weights.

“Specifically, indicators such as R1 (Intensity of restoration investment), P2 (Annual average temperature grade), and D4 (Natural adaptability of restoration technology) exhibit higher weights.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This research proposes a coupled evaluation model utilizing AHP-CRITIC game theory-based combined weighting and Vague sets, with the sustainable philosophy of NbS at its core.

“This research proposes a coupled evaluation model utilizing AHP-CRITIC game theory-based combined weighting and Vague sets, with the sustainable philosophy of NbS at its core.”

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The results show that Xing Guo mining areas have a I level of MLER, the Gan Xian and Yu Du mining areas have a II level of MLER, while the Xun Wu mining area is rated as IV, providing a scientific basis for the localization of the NbS concept and the formulation of differentiated restoration strategies.

“The results show that Xing Guo mining areas have a”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four selected mining areas (Xing Guo, Gan Xian, Yu Du, Xun Wu) are comparable and representative for evaluating differences in MLER.

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The empirical research in four mining areas of Jiangxi Province validates the effectiveness of the NbS-guided evaluation model and reveals significant differences in ecological restoration capacity across the areas.

“The empirical research in four mining areas of Jiangxi Province validates the effectiveness of the NbS-guided evaluation model and reveals significant differences in ecological restoration capacity across the areas.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four selected mining areas (Xing Guo, Gan Xian, Yu Du, Xun Wu) are comparable and representative for evaluating differences in MLER.

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This study verifies the applicability of the Vague sets in evaluating MLER, yet certain limitations remain.

“This study verifies the applicability of the Vague sets in evaluating MLER, yet certain limitations remain.”

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The system achieves a restoration-social adaptation-economic feasibility sustainable goal, providing a targeted evaluation tool for ecological restoration in mining areas.

“It achieves a”

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In MLER evaluation, the DPSIR framework forms a systematic assessment path through its complete causal chain, covering the entire process from developmental disturbances and ecological restoration to sustainable maintenance, avoiding shortcomings of traditional evaluation indicators in logical coherence.

“In the evaluation of MLER, the DPSIR framework forms a systematic assessment path through its complete causal chain.It comprehensively covers the entire process from developmental disturbances and ecological restoration to the sustainable maintenance of the system, effectively avoiding the shortcomings of traditional evaluation indicators in terms of logical coherence.”

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The model has not yet systematically covered mining areas with different climatic backgrounds and deposit types, such as coal mines in arid regions or salt lake mines on high-altitude plateaus; thus, its universality and robustness require broader validation.

“It has not yet systematically covered mining areas with different climatic backgrounds and deposit types, such as coal mines in arid regions or salt lake mines on high-altitude plateaus; thus, its universality and robustness require broader validation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This weight structure reflects a prioritization of current ecosystem status and its associated effects, aligning with common tendency in practical assessments to emphasize existing ecological conditions.

“This weight structure reflects a prioritization of the current ecosystem status and its associated effects, which aligns with the common tendency in practical assessments to emphasize existing ecological conditions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The AHP consistency test ensures judgment results align better with the actual situation.

“To ensure that the judgment results align better with the actual situation, the consistency ratio can be determined using Formula (8).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Vague sets three-dimensional interval structure enhances representational capacity of evaluation results regarding complex ecological information.

“By characterizing the restoration process through interval membership, the model enhances the representational capacity of the evaluation results regarding complex ecological information.”

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The CRITIC weights provide a quantitative basis grounded in data variance for the subsequent subjective-objective combined weighting, ultimately enhancing the scientific rigor and balance of the evaluation system.

“It provides a quantitative basis grounded in data variance for the subsequent subjective-objective combined weighting, ultimately enhancing the scientific rigor and balance of the evaluation system.”

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The Xing Guo mining area's ecosystem structure and functions are close to their original states, characterized by deep implementation of NbS concepts and well-established driver-response mechanisms.

“Its ecosystem structure and functions are close to their original states, characterized by deep implementation of NbS concepts and well-established driver-response mechanisms.”

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The NbS-guided evaluation system and model provide scientific tools for identifying differences in sustainability of MLER and key constraints, promoting transformation of restoration models from engineering-driven to nature-driven, long-term adaptation in China.

“The NbS-guided evaluation system and model constructed in this study provide scientific tools for identifying differences in the sustainability of MLER and key constraints, promoting the transformation of restoration models from “engineering-driven” to “nature-driven, long-term adaptation” in the context of NbS in China.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

CRITIC method does not rely on expert subjective judgment, but analyzes data patterns to objectively determine weights, retaining original information.

“The core advantage of this method is that it does not rely on expert subjective judgment, but instead analyzes the data patterns of the indicators themselves, namely the contrast strength and conflict degree, to objectively determine the weights of each indicator, thus retaining the original information of the data to the greatest extent.”

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These shortcomings lead to a lack of numerical support for high-grade intervals and a relatively high proportion of membership in lower-grade intervals in Xun Wu.

“This leads to a lack of numerical support for high-grade intervals and a relatively high proportion of membership in lower-grade intervals.”

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The NbS framework is oriented towards addressing social challenges, prompting a shift in restoration objectives from traditional reclamation to overall enhancement of land system resilience.

“The NbS framework is oriented towards addressing social challenges, prompting a shift in restoration objectives from traditional reclamation to the overall enhancement of land system resilience [33].”

• cites [33] Hong, L., Feng, S., Li, P., and Wang, A. (2025). Ecological Restoration and Regeneration Strategies for the Gumi Mountain Mining Area in Wuhan Guided by Nature-Based Solution (NbS) Concepts. Sustainability, 17. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The relatively lower weight of the Driver dimension may lead to insufficient attention to critical drivers such as policy guidance and resource investment.

“In the current weighting system, the relatively lower weight of the Driver dimension may lead to insufficient attention to critical drivers such as policy guidance and resource investment.”

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Vague sets comprehensively incorporate ambiguous and missing information, mitigating subjective bias and ensuring robustness under data incompleteness.

“This framework comprehensively incorporates ambiguous and missing information during the evaluation process, effectively mitigating subjective bias and ensuring the robustness of results even under conditions of data incompleteness [21].”

• cites [21] Yang, D., and Tsai, W.-T. (2024). Linear Consensus Protocol Based on Vague Sets and Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Methods. Electronics, 13. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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The DPSIR framework possesses good dynamic adaptability, allowing flexible adjustments according to different stages of mining restoration, overcoming insufficient adaptability of static indicators during long-term evolution.

“This framework also possesses good dynamic adaptability, allowing for flexible adjustments to the evaluation content according to the different stages of mining restoration, thus overcoming the issue of insufficient adaptability of static indicators during long-term evolution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The game-theoretic combination weighting method introduces a competitive mechanism to seek an equilibrium state between attributes, achieving a more rational weight distribution.

“In terms of weight determination, the game-theoretic combination weighting method introduces a competitive mechanism to seek an equilibrium state between the attributes, thereby achieving a more rational weight distribution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

MLER is not a single fixed value.

“Given that MLER is not a single fixed value, Vague sets utilize interval-based membership degrees to characterize the transitional states between different restoration levels.”

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In contrast, the AHP-Fuzzy comprehensive expressed the membership degree of each grade with discrete values, ignored the continuity of grade boundaries, and was prone to causing misjudgment of boundary samples.

“In contrast, the AHP-Fuzzy comprehensive expressed the membership degree of each grade with discrete values, ignored the continuity of grade boundaries, and was prone to causing misjudgment of boundary samples.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

DPSIR model, proposed by OECD in 1993, is a system analysis tool based on causal relationships.

“DPSIR model, proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1993, is a system analysis tool based on causal relationships [38].”

• cites [38] Zhao, R., Fang, C., Liu, H., and Liu, X. (2021). Evaluating Urban Ecosystem Resilience Using the DPSIR Framework and the ENA Model: A Case Study of 35 Cities in China. Sustain. Cities Soc., 72. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

MLER is classified into 5 levels based on references [45].

“Based on the references [45], MLER is classified into 5 levels, with the specific grading standards as follows:”

• cites [45] Hu, 2025, Evaluating the Performance of Nature-Based Solutions in Urban regeneration: A Case Study of the Shibalidian Area, Chaoyang District, Beijing, City Plan. Rev.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Xun Wu exhibits shortcomings in the scientific rigor and sustainability of its restoration efforts, with inadequate focus on critical links such as soil remediation depth and stable vegetation community reconstruction.

“Conversely, Xun Wu exhibits shortcomings in the scientific rigor and sustainability of its restoration efforts, with inadequate focus on critical links such as soil remediation depth and stable vegetation community reconstruction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Jiangxi Province is highly representative in national mining ecological restoration.

“Its mine land ecological restoration practices face common industry-wide challenges while also accumulating differentiated governance experience, making it highly representative in the field of national mining ecological restoration.”

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The results are fundamentally consistent with the AHP-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation method, verifying the robustness and reliability of the model.

“These results are fundamentally consistent with the AHP-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation method, verifying the robustness and reliability of the model.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The AHP-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation method is a valid benchmark for verifying the robustness and reliability of the Vague sets model.

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The game theory-based combined weighting method demonstrates superior scientific validity and applicability, providing a more reliable weight allocation methodology for the evaluation of mine land ecological resilience.

“It demonstrates superior scientific validity and applicability, providing a more reliable weight allocation methodology for the evaluation of mine land ecological resilience.”

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The final weight distribution is more balanced and robust, avoiding the partiality of subjective experience while overcoming the dependency on fluctuations in objective data.

“The final weight distribution is more balanced and robust, avoiding the partiality of subjective experience while overcoming the dependency on fluctuations in objective data.”

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Since the model is built on static data, it can complete fundamental evaluations but struggles to accurately depict temporal ecological processes and non-linear response mechanisms.

“In terms of characterizing dynamic processes and non-linear relationships, since the model is built on static data, it can complete fundamental evaluations but struggles to accurately depict temporal ecological processes and non-linear response mechanisms.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Xun Wu's low I and II intervals indicate impaired core ecological functions and insufficient integration of NbS principles.

“In contrast, the Xun Wu mining area ranks highest in the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In Gan Xian, Xing Guo, and Yu Du, mine ecological restoration has received sufficient investment in fundamental ecological elements like soil and vegetation and has prioritized long-term maintenance post-restoration.

“In Gan Xian, Xing Guo, and Yu Du, mine ecological restoration has not only received sufficient investment in fundamental ecological elements like soil and vegetation but has also prioritized long-term maintenance post-restoration.”

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When handling indicators that include both quantitative monitoring and qualitative judgment, the Vague sets method can balance the objectivity of the data with the fuzziness of the judgments, overcoming the subjective bias introduced by linear weighting and manually set membership functions in the AHP-Fuzzy comprehensive.

“When handling indicators that include both quantitative monitoring and qualitative judgment, it can balance the objectivity of the data with the fuzziness of the judgments, overcoming the subjective bias introduced by linear weighting and manually set membership functions in the AHP-Fuzzy comprehensive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The combined weighting provides a more reliable quantitative foundation for scientific assessment and decision-making.

“This provides a more reliable quantitative foundation for scientific assessment and decision-making.”

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This distribution avoids the over-prominence of indicators like D4 (0.068) and I3 (0.061) seen in the multiplicative method, while also preventing the excessive weakening of indicators like R4 (0.024) and D2 (0.036).

“This distribution avoids the”

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The four selected mining areas are typical and suitable for empirical case study.

“the research team, considering the spatial layout of green mine construction in Jiangxi Province, the distribution characteristics of mineral types, and key ecological restoration areas, purposefully selected typical mining areas in Gan Xian, Xing Guo, Yu Du, and Xun Wu as empirical case study sites”

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The combined weighting approach achieves a balance between subjective and objective weights through game theory, while the Vague sets effectively accommodate fuzzy information and data gaps within the evaluation process.

“The combined weighting approach achieves a balance between subjective and objective weights through game theory, while the Vague sets effectively accommodate fuzzy information and data gaps within the evaluation process.”

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The validation samples are concentrated in non-ferrous metal mining areas in the humid regions of Southern China, meaning the model's universality for coal mines in northern arid regions and salt lake mines on high-altitude plateaus requires further improvement.

“Second, the validation samples are concentrated in non-ferrous metal mining areas in the humid regions of Southern China, meaning the model's universality for coal mines in northern arid regions and salt lake mines on high-altitude plateaus requires further improvement.”