Understanding and enhancing soil biological health: the solution for reversing soil degradation
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Our objective is to provide an optimistic strategy for reversing soil degradation by increasing public and private research efforts to understand the role of soil biology, particularly microbiology, on the health of our world’s soils. We begin by defining soil quality/soil health (which we consider to be interchangeable terms), characterizing healthy soil resources, and relating the significance of soil health to agroecosystems and their functions. We examine how soil biology influences soil health and how biological properties and processes contribute to sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services. We continue by examining what can be done to manipulate soil biology to: (i) increase nutrient availability for production of high yielding, high quality crops; (ii) protect crops from pests, pathogens, weeds; and (iii) manage other factors limiting production, provision of ecosystem services, and resilience to stresses like droughts. Next we look to the future by asking what needs to be known about soil biology that is not currently recognized or fully understood and how these needs could be addressed using emerging research tools. We conclude, based on our perceptions of how new knowledge regarding soil biology will help make agriculture more sustainable and productive, by recommending research emphases that should receive first priority through enhanced public and private research in order to reverse the trajectory toward global soil degradation.
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The assessment of biological indicators of soil quality is required to connect abiotic soil properties to changes in soil functions in terms of biochemical and biophysical transformations and potential aboveground vegetation performance.
“Moreover, the assessment of biological indicators of soil quality is required to connect abiotic soil properties to (changes in) soil functions in terms of biochemical and biophysical transformations and (potential) aboveground vegetation performance (Lehman et al., 2015).”
From Soil quality – A critical review (2018) · cites this paper as Lehman et al., 2015
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Soil quality – A critical review
Bünemann, E. K., Bongiorno, G., Bai, Z., Creamer, R. E., De Deyn, G., de Goede, R., Fleskens, L., Geissen, V., Kuyper, T. W., Mäder, P., et al. (2018) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.01.030 · Cited by 2,960 · see citing works
RETRACTED: Biochar modulating soil biological health: A review
Bolan, S., Sharma, S., Mukherjee, S., Kumar, M., Rao, C. S., Nataraj, K. C., Singh, G., Vinu, A., Bhowmik, A., Sharma, H., et al. (2024) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169585 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
RetractedGrazing management that regenerates ecosystem function and grazingland livelihoods
Teague, R., & Barnes, M. (2017) · African Journal of Range & Forage Science · doi:10.2989/10220119.2017.1334706 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lehman, R., Cambardella, C., Stott, D., Acosta-Martinez, V., Manter, D., Buyer, J., Maul, J., Smith, J., Collins, H., Halvorson, J., Kremer, R., Lundgren, J., Ducey, T., Jin, V., & Karlen, D.
- Affiliations
- USDA-ARS North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, 2923 Medary Ave., Brookings, SD 57006, USA
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment (US)
- National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory (US)
- USDA-ARS Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Laboratory, 3810 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79417, USA
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory (US)
- Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Conservation Research Center, 2611 W. Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501, USA
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lehman, R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-01-19
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 988-1027
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010307956
- Cited by
- 449
- References
- 222
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 29.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Agricultural Research Service
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant and soil sciences
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Management and Crop Yield
- Keywords
- soil health, soil degradation, soil microbiology, soil biology, soil quality, agroecosystems, nutrient availability, crop protection, weed control, drought resilience, ecosystem services, sustainable agriculture, research priorities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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