Stabilization of Organic Matter by Biochar Application in Compost-amended Soils with Contrasting pH Values and Textures
Open accessAbstract
Food demand and soil sustainability have become urgent concerns because of the impacts of global climate change. In subtropical and tropical regions, practical management that stabilizes and prevents organic fertilizers from rapid decomposition in soils is necessary. This study conducted a short-term (70 days) incubation experiment to assess the effects of biochar application on the decomposition of added bagasse compost in three rural soils with different pH values and textures. Two rice hull biochars, produced through slow pyrolization at 400 °C (RHB-400) and 700 °C (RHB-700), with application rates of 1%, 2%, and 4% (w/w), were separately incorporated into soils with and without compost (1% (w/w) application rate). Experimental results indicated that C mineralization rapidly increased at the beginning in all treatments, particularly in those involving 2% and 4% biochar. The biochar addition increased C mineralization by 7.9%–48% in the compost-amended soils after 70 days incubation while the fractions of mineralized C to applied C significantly decreased. Moreover, the estimated maximum of C mineralization amount in soils treated with both compost and biochar were obviously lower than expectation calculated by a double exponential model (two pool model). Based on the micromorphological observation, added compost was wrapped in the soil aggregates formed after biochar application and then may be protected from decomposing by microbes. Co-application of compost with biochar may be more efficient to stabilize and sequester C than individual application into the studied soils, especially for the biochar produced at high pyrolization temperature.
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The CO2 evolution rate was slightly lower with biochar addition within 70 days of incubation.
“This observation was related to the findings of Jien et al. (2015), stating that the CO 2 evolution rate was slightly lower with biochar addition within 70 days of incubation.”
From Corn-cob Biochar Characterization and Application Effects to Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Evolution in Acid Soil Added with Different Types of Fertilizers (2021) · cites this paper as Jien et al. (2015)
Section 3.2 reports a slightly lower CO2 evolution rate for RHB-700 than for RHB-400—not for biochar addition versus no biochar. It says the control maintained a low rate relative to the other treatments during the 70-day incubation; section 4.1 reports higher cumulative CO2 emissions from biochar treatments than from biochar-free treatments. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe binding effect of biochar increases soil aggregation, which reduces soil losses in agriculture.
“Also, the binding effect of biochar increases soil aggregation, which is the reason to reduce soil losses in agriculture (Jien et al. 2015).”
From Corn-cob Biochar Characterization and Application Effects to Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Evolution in Acid Soil Added with Different Types of Fertilizers (2021) · cites this paper as Jien et al. 2015
Section 4.1 reports that macro-aggregates formed after biochar incorporation and that organomineral interactions stabilized soil structure. It does not establish that this aggregation reduces soil losses in agriculture; the paper’s discussion concerns stabilization of organic matter, while erosion potential appears only in reference titles. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“In (3), the biochar particles are embedded in the soil micromass (see, e.g., Figure 4 in Jien et al., 2015) or behave as single grains (see, e.g., Figure 4 in Jien & Wang, 2013).”
BackgroundFu, S., Wu, Y., He, S., Yao, J., Han, Z., Zhao, J., Wang, G., & Li, T. (2024) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113839 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Singh, G., Mavi, M. S., Choudhary, O. P., Kaur, M., & Singh, B. (2022) · Soil & Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2021.105193 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Seki, M., Sugihara, S., Miyazaki, H., Jegadeesan, M., Kannan, P., Bertrand, I., & Tanaka, H. (2022) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.4234 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…al., 2020) in the BM treatment (ca. 0.77) was relatively higher than that in the B (ca. 0.73) and M (ca. 0.61) treatments, suggesting that the biochar and FYM combined application would be more effective to sequester C than an individual application of either amendment to soils (Jien et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, M.-H., Lin, H.-H., & Jien, S. (2022) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr10020306 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationCo-application of biochar and compost enhanced soil carbon sequestration in urban green space
Wang, B., Li, W., Xue, N., Xi, R., Wang, Y., Fang, L., Wang, Q., Liang, X., Xiao, Y., Yang, X.-Y., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1707894 · Cited by 8
Okebalama, C. B., & Marschner, B. (2024) · Pedobiologia · doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2024.150962 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effect of Biochar on Composting of Cow Manure and Kitchen Waste
Sebahire, F., Faridullah, F., Irshad, M., Bacha, A. U. R., Hafeez, F., & Nduwamungu, J. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13101545 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Soil Properties and Maize Yield Improvement with Biochar-Enriched Poultry Litter-Based Fertilizer
Holátko, J., Hammerschmiedt, T., Kučeřík, J., Baltazár, T., Radziemska, M., Havlicek, Z., Kintl, A., Jaskulska, I., Malíček, O., & Brtnický, M. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15249003 · Cited by 7
“This is in the line with reduction in Corg stock in high biochar dose-treated organic fertilizer due to the sorption of carbon derived from the litter onto the biochar [48].”
BackgroundDecomposition and Nutrient Releasing of Biochar Compound Materials in Soil with Different Textures
Liao, C.-S., Xie, Z., & Jien, S.-H. (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9091521 · Cited by 7
“Therefore, soil improvements using biochar amendment alone can have inconsistent effects on crop yields and may even lead to N deficiency in soil in the short term [6,7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFarooqi, Z. U. R., Qadir, A. A., Naz, A., Mohy-Ud-Din, W., Daghighi, E., Jaffar, M. T., Ahmed, M., Ali, H. M., & Alsakkaf, W. A. A. (2025) · Journal of soil science and plant nutrition · doi:10.1007/s42729-025-02519-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“However, maintaining a neutral to slightly acidic soil pH (6–7) is advantageous for fostering microbial activity, stabilizing SOM, and supporting plant development and synthesis of organic matter (Jien et al. 2015).”
Effect of soil amendments on soil respiration in the midland agroecological environment, Ethiopia
Fekadu, G., Adgo, E., Meshesha, D., Tsunekawa, A., Haregeweyn, N., Peng, F., Tsubo, M., Mulualem, T., Demissie, S., Kebede, B., et al. (2024) · Environmental Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12665-024-11522-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The improvement of SOM is one of the best management strategies for ensuring soil sustainability in subtropical and tropical regions (Jien et al. 2015).”
Tovihoudji, G. P., Diogo, R. V. C., Abiola, W. A., Akoha, F., & Godau, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.1036133 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In addition, this difference in performance may also be due to the slow decomposition of biochar-based amendments after incorporation into the soil (Fischer and Glaser, 2012; Jien et al., 2015; Koulibaly et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialKesamreddy, L., Eagan, S., Ndungu, S. M., Ramanujam, K., Chen, S.-Y., & Pawera, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1718301 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lyu, J., Wang, X.-Y., Hou, S.-N., Zeb, A., Zhu, H., & Xu, Y.-Y. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15097040 · Cited by 4
Bulfa, A., Villegas-Pangga, G., & Cubelo, J. E. (2021) · Philippine Journal of Science · doi:10.56899/150.05.40 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Saputra, I., Prijono, S., Soemarno, S., & Suntari, R. (2024) · Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management · doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2024.121.6637 · Cited by 3
“As reported by Jien et al. (2015), the treatments containing 2% and 4% biochar exhibited a notable increase in carbon mineralization, as evidenced by the elevated soil organic carbon content.”
MethodAl-Mallahi, J., Tahhan, R., & Khresat, S. (2020) · Eurasian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.18393/ejss.728435 · Cited by 3
“Jien et al. (2015) emphasized on the role * Jumana Al-Mallahi : m_jumana@yahoo.com : 0000-0003-1821-0199 (Corresponding author) Ragheb Tahhan : tahhan@just.edu.jo : 0000-0002-0577-6495 Sa'eb Khresat : skhresat@just.edu.jo : 0000-0003-4303-0384 e-ISSN : 2147-4249 DOI :…”
Phares, C. A., Osei, B. A., & Tagoe, S. (2017) · Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International · doi:10.9734/jaeri/2017/34526 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smirnova, E., Giniyatullin, K., Okunev, P. V., Valeeva, A., & Ryazanov, S. S. (2023) · Eurasian Soil Science · doi:10.1134/s1064229323601294 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A positive PE and an increase in CO2 emission upon the introduction of BC were observed in [24, 25, 38, 60, 84, 98].”
BackgroundEvaluation of CO2 Emission From Rice Husk Biochar and Cowdung Manure Co-compost Preparation
Thomas, E., Adiku, S., Atkinson, C. J., Omueti, J., & Marcarthy, D. S. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.5539/jas.v11n17p158 · Cited by 2
“A high C:N ratio of biochars has also been reported in other studies (Jien et al., 2015; Spokas, 2010).”
ResultAbdou, N. M., Gyushi, M. A. H., Abdel-moatamed, B. R., & Tawwab, A. R. A. E. (2026) · Journal of soil science and plant nutrition · doi:10.1007/s42729-026-03206-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moreover, the release of active organic acids resulted from decomposed organic materials also contributes to decrease in soil pH (Alharbi et al., 2021; Jien et al., 2015).”
Buentello-Montoya, D. A., Robledo-Hernández, I., Larrea-Cedeño, A. S., García-García, C., & Coronado-Apodaca, K. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2026.1804984 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chaiyapo, P., Thanachit, S., Anusontpornperm, S., & Kheoruenromne, I. (2023) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2023.2285956 · Cited by 1
“The other reason was likely sorption of BRH over native soil organic matter (SOM) producing a protective mechanism for reducing the mineralization of native SOM that could cause a negative N release (Cross and Sohi 2011; Jien et al. 2015).”
BackgroundWang, X.-Y., Yan, B., Shutes, B., Wang, M., & Zhu, H. (2024) · Watershed Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1016/j.wsee.2024.06.002 · Cited by 1
Frimpong, K., Manfo, P., Atiah, K., Arthur, E., Boateng, E. K., Lartey-Young, A., Karanja, J., & Yankey, R. (2026) · Discover Soil · doi:10.1007/s44378-026-00327-5
“Results of the current study showing increased soil pH compared to the control soil following application of biochar and compost are consistent with previous research [41– 43] which revealed similar patterns.”
Orozco, A., Gutiérrez, M. L. M., Fuentes-Gandara, F., Cabrera-Lafaurie, W. A., Piñeres-Ariza, I., & Cano, H. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18147392
“For instance, Jien et al. [16] demonstrated its contribution to aggregate stability, hydraulic conductivity, and microbial diversity.”
Liu, J., Sheng, X.-X., Zhu, Z.-X., Zhang, K.-J., Yuan, Q., Wang, H., & Sui, N. (2026) · Industrial crops and products (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.123387
Umeugochukwu, O., Rozanov, A., & Hardie, A. (2019) · Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21614-6_20
- Authors
- Jien, S.-H., Wang, C.-C., Lee, C.-H., & Lee, T.-Y.
- Affiliations
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology (TW)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- National Taiwan Normal University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Jien, Shih-Hao
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-09-29
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 13317-13333
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1767275793
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Council (NSC-101-2313-B-020-013-MY2)
- Industrial Technology Research Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Composting and Vermicomposting Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- biochar, organic matter stabilization, carbon mineralization, rice husk biochar, pyrolysis temperature, soil pH, soil texture, carbon sequestration, two-pool model, compost-amended soil
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