Corn-cob Biochar Characterization and Application Effects to Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Evolution in Acid Soil Added with Different Types of Fertilizers

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar's effect on water infiltration varies: it reduces water movement in sandy loams and increases it in clay loam soil.

“However, biochar has a varying effect on water infiltration by reducing the water movement along with the soil profile of sandy loams while increasing it in the clay loam soil that improves water (Blanco-Canqui 2017; Hussain et al. 2016; Surampalli et al. 2015).”

• cites Blanco-Canqui 2017 sourceSupported
• cites Hussain et al. 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Surampalli et al. 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar can improve soil physical properties including bulk density, particle density, soil porosity, water infiltration, and water holding capacity.

“Soil physical properties such as bulk density (BD), particle density (PD), soil porosity (SP), soil water infiltration, and water holding capacity can be improved by biochar (Blanco-Canqui 2017).”

• cites Blanco-Canqui 2017 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The chemical analysis and HAABF images of corn-cob biochar agree with Wijitkosum and Jiwnok (2019), who reported that corn-cob biochar yielded the highest amount of carbon (81.35%).

“The results of chemical analysis and HAABF images of CCB are consistent with Wijitkosum and Jiwnok (2019) study, which indicated that CCB yielded the highest amount of C (81.35%).”

• cites Wijitkosum and Jiwnok (2019) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The binding effect of biochar increases soil aggregation, which reduces soil losses in agriculture.

“Also, the binding effect of biochar increases soil aggregation, which is the reason to reduce soil losses in agriculture (Jien et al. 2015).”

• cites Jien et al. 2015 sourcePartly supported

  Section 4.1 reports that macro-aggregates formed after biochar incorporation and that organomineral interactions stabilized soil structure. It does not establish that this aggregation reduces soil losses in agriculture; the paper’s discussion concerns stabilization of organic matter, while erosion potential appears only in reference titles. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In a prior incubation study, the highest CO2 efflux occurred on the second day after incubation began, and biochar alone significantly reduced soil CO2 efflux on the first day.

“These observations were similar to the incubation study of Shen et al. (2017), stating that the highest CO 2 efflux was observed on the second day after the incubation started in the soil, and amendment with biochar alone significantly decreased the soil CO 2 efflux on the first day of incubation.”

• cites Shen et al. (2017) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Biochar yield varies with feedstock type because material contains labile and recalcitrant oxygen- and hydrogen-containing fractions.

“The yielding capacity of biochar dramatically varies depending on the feedstock type because a material typically comprises labile and recalcitrant oxygen and hydrogen-containing fractions (Piash et al. 2017).”

• cites Piash et al. 2017 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A prior study observed a significant decrease in greenhouse gas intensity from rice production when biochar was applied.

“Thammasom et al. (2016) observed a significant decrease in the intensity of GHGs from rice production when applied with biochar.”

• cites Thammasom et al. (2016) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

A high surface area, large average pore size, and high total pore volume make biochar suitable for soil amendment by capturing CO2 and other greenhouse gases, lowering soil bulk density, increasing soil moisture retention and aeration, and reducing leaching of plant nutrients from the rhizosphere.

“The high surface area, high average pore size, and high total pore volume make biochar appropriate for soil amendment in capturing CO 2 and other GHGs, decreasing SBD, increasing soil moisture retention and aeration, and reducing leaching of plant nutrients from the rhizosphere (Wijitkosum and Jiwnok 2019; Batista et al. 2018).”

• cites Wijitkosum and Jiwnok 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Batista et al. 2018 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Low temperature and long residence time promote biochar production.

“Low temperature and long residence time promote the production of biochar (Miranda et al. 2012).”

• cites Miranda et al. 2012 sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction says pyrolysis product proportions depend on process conditions, and Section 2 describes temperatures of 600–750 °C and a one-hour heating period. Neither passage says that lower temperatures or longer residence times promote biochar production; searches for those relationships found no supporting passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar application increased pH and organic matter in most degraded monoculture sites.

“Adekiya et al. (2020) mentioned that biochar application in most degraded monoculture sites increased the pH and enhanced OM.”

• cites Adekiya et al. (2020) sourcePartly supported

  The Results (§3.3; page unavailable) report increased soil organic matter with biochar, and the Discussion (§4; page unavailable) describes an increase in pH, although the Results except pH in 2017 from the increases relative to the control. The study examined one sandy-loam Alfisol site, not “most degraded monoculture sites”; Materials and Methods (§2.1; page unavailable) says it had been fallow for five years after cultivation of several crops. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

During incubation, CO2 evolution rose over the first two weeks, peaked on Day 2, and cumulative CO2 declined afterward in every treatment.

“The CO 2 evolution increased in the first two weeks with a peak at Day 2, and the amount of cumulative CO 2 decreased after that in all treatments during the incubation period.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Corn-cob biochar has a large surface area and a high average pore size.

“It also possesses a large surface area and high average pore size.”

May combine two claims.

Corn-cob biochar has a BET surface area of 10.416 m2/g, an average pore size of 21.496 Å, and an average pore volume of 0.002 cm3/g.

“CCB has a higher surface of 10.416 m 2 g - . It also has a larger average pore size of 21.496 Å and a higher average pore volume of 0.002 cm 3 g - .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

EDS indicates that corn-cob biochar also contains silicon, copper, and potassium.

“EDS also indicates the presence of other elements such as Si, Cu, and K.”

May combine two claims.

The Luisiana clay loam soil used in the incubation has pH 4.68, electrical conductivity 0.049 mS/cm, organic matter 2.75%, available phosphorus 6.24 ppm, and exchangeable potassium 0.08 cmol(+)/kg soil.

“| pH (1:1 soil-water) | 4.68 |”

• Also stated in: § Organic Fertilizer, Rice Straw, and Gliricidia sepium leaves Chemical Properties · p. 5 · plain

  “| Electrical conductivity (mS/cm) | 0.049 |”

• Also stated in: § Organic Fertilizer, Rice Straw, and Gliricidia sepium leaves Chemical Properties · p. 5 · plain

  “| Organic matter (%OM) | 2.75 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar has a total potassium content of 2.70%.

“| Corn-cob | 10.1 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 2.70 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 1024 | 220 | 14 | 85 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Soil organic matter rating is moderate at 2.75%.

“The rating of OM in the soil is moderate at 2.75%.”

May combine two claims.

Gliricidia sepium leaves have nitrogen 3.92%, potassium 2.145%, calcium 1.14%, and total phosphorus 0.23%.

“As expected, it was analyzed to have higher concentrations of N (3.92%), followed by K (2.145) and Ca (1.14%). However, it has a low total P (0.23%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar has a copper content of 14 ppm.

“| Corn-cob | 10.1 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 2.70 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 1024 | 220 | 14 | 85 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Calcium concentration is low in corn-cob biochar.

“Ca concentration is low, while Fe is high at 1024 ppm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Copper concentration is high at 14 ppm in corn-cob biochar.

“Mg is low, Zn is very high at 220 ppm, Cu concentration is high at 14 ppm, and Mn is observed to be high at 85 ppm.”

May combine two claims.

T1 (soil alone) and T2 (soil plus biochar) had the lowest CO2 evolutions, 9.74 mg and 9.52 mg, respectively, with the smallest difference of 0.22 mg CO2.

“In contrast, T 1 (soil alone) and T 2 composed of soil and biochar have the lowest evolutions with 9.74 mg and 9.52 mg, respectively, with the lowest difference of 0.22 mg CO 2 .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Iron concentration is high at 1024 ppm in corn-cob biochar.

“Ca concentration is low, while Fe is high at 1024 ppm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Magnesium is low in corn-cob biochar.

“Mg is low, Zn is very high at 220 ppm, Cu concentration is high at 14 ppm, and Mn is observed to be high at 85 ppm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar has an iron content of 1024 ppm.

“| Corn-cob | 10.1 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 2.70 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 1024 | 220 | 14 | 85 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar has a zinc content of 220 ppm.

“| Corn-cob | 10.1 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 2.70 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 1024 | 220 | 14 | 85 |”

May combine two claims.

During the incubation, CO2 release was faster in the first 14 days, peaked on Day two, and then declined in all treatments over the 4-week period.

“Results show that a faster rate of CO2 release was observed in the first 14 d with a peak at Day two and reduced after that in all treatments during the 4-wk incubation period.”

May combine two claims.

Total CO2 evolution differed highly significantly among treatments (p < 0.01), ordered from T3 (65.39 mg) highest to T2 (9.52 mg) lowest.

“The total CO 2 evolution of the treatments ordered from highest to lowest were T 3 (65.39 mg), T 4 (63.81 mg), T5 (25.99 mg), T 6 (24.09 mg), T 7 (13.18 mg), T 8 (11.95 mg), T 9 (10.48 mg), T 10 (9.20 mg), T 1 (9.74 mg), and T 2 (9.52 mg), which are highly significantly different ( p &lt; 0.01).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar has a total magnesium content of 0.51%.

“| Corn-cob | 10.1 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 2.70 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 1024 | 220 | 14 | 85 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar has a total calcium content of 0.22%.

“| Corn-cob | 10.1 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 2.70 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 1024 | 220 | 14 | 85 |”

May combine two claims.

The resultant corn-cob biochar had higher pH and nutrient status than its original feedstock.

“The resultant CCB had higher pH and nutrient status compared to its original feedstock.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar has a manganese content of 85 ppm.

“| Corn-cob | 10.1 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 2.70 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 1024 | 220 | 14 | 85 |”

May combine two claims.

T3, composed of soil and Gliricidia sepium leaves, had the highest CO2 evolution, followed by T4, composed of soil, Gliricidia sepium leaves, and biochar, with a 1.58 mg CO2 difference.

“with the highest CO 2 evolution is T 3 composed of soil and Gliricidia sepium leaves, followed by T 4 composed of soil, Gliricidia sepium leaves, and biochar with a 1.58 mg CO2 difference.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Manganese is high at 85 ppm in corn-cob biochar.

“Mg is low, Zn is very high at 220 ppm, Cu concentration is high at 14 ppm, and Mn is observed to be high at 85 ppm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar has a total nitrogen content of 1.37%.

“| Corn-cob | 10.1 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 2.70 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 1024 | 220 | 14 | 85 |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar recovery was 1.75 kg, or 43.75%, from 4 kg biomass.

“In this study, a recovery of 1.75 kg (43.75%) CCB from 4 kg biomass was recorded.”

May combine two claims.

T3 produced the highest amount of CO2, followed by T4 and T5.

“T3 had the highest amount of CO 2 evolved, followed by T4 and T 5 .”

May combine two claims.

The average CO2 evolution across all treatments was 1.42 mg, estimated as 56.81 kg CO2/ha for 2,000,000 kg soil.

“The average CO 2 evolution from all the treatments is 1.42 mg, estimated to be 56.81 kg CO 2 /ha (2,000,000 kg soil).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn-cob biochar has a total phosphorus content of 0.67%.

“| Corn-cob | 10.1 | 8.76 | 1.37 | 0.67 | 2.70 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 1024 | 220 | 14 | 85 |”

May combine two claims.

Organic fertilizer has an organic carbon content of 4.97%, total nitrogen 1.23%, total potassium 2.94%, total calcium 5.40%, total phosphorus 4.43%, and total magnesium 0.26%.

“The OC, total N, total K, and total Ca are very high at 4.97, 1.23, 2.94, and 5.40%, respectively (Table 4). However, total P and total Mg are low at 4.43 and 0.26%, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

Rice straw has total nitrogen 1.11%, total potassium 2.34%, total phosphorus 0.15%, total calcium 0.19%, and total magnesium 0.03%.

“The total N and K are very high in rice straw at 1.11 and 2.34%, respectively. In contrast, total P, Ca, and Mg are very low at 0.15, 0.19, and 0.03%, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Zinc is very high at 220 ppm in corn-cob biochar.

“Mg is low, Zn is very high at 220 ppm, Cu concentration is high at 14 ppm, and Mn is observed to be high at 85 ppm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Heating 4 kg of raw corn-cob for 1 hour produced 1.75 kg of corn-cob biochar, a 43.75% recovery, at 300-650 °C.

“In this study, the heating time of 4-kg raw corn-cob is 1 h to produce a 1.75 kg (43.75% recovery) CCB at 300-650 °C heating temperature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

HAABF images and elemental X-ray mapping of corn-cob biochar show a precise combination of fine and coarse cellulosic features related to its raw material.

“The HAABF images and elemental X-ray mapping of CCB show the precise combination of fine and coarse cellulosic features related to its raw material (Villegas-Pangga 2021).”

• cites Villegas-Pangga 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Corn-cob biochar retained most of the carbon and some essential plant elements from the original organic raw material.

“The CCB retained most of the C and some essential plant elements from the original organic raw material.”

May combine two claims.

Biochar made by heating biomass under limited oxygen is highly stable and resistant to microbial decay.

“Biochar produced by the heat treatment of biomass under limited oxygen is highly stable and resistant to microbial decay (Prayogo et al. 2014).”

• cites Prayogo et al. 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Pyrolysis of waste biomass into biochar is used as a soil amendment to improve soil quality, and storing biochar in soil is regarded as a way to permanently sequester carbon.

“The pyrolysis conversion of waste biomass into biochar has attracted attention for two reasons. First, it can be used as a soil amendment for improving soil quality; second, storing biochar in soils is regarded as a means for permanently sequestering C (Lehmann et al. 2011).”

• cites Lehmann et al. 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Biochars are carbon-rich materials that can sequester carbon in soils and improve soil properties and agronomic performance.

“Biochars are new, C-rich materials that could sequester C in soils and improve soil properties and agronomic performance (Glaser et al. 2015).”

• cites Glaser et al. 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Biochar application decreases soil bulk density because biochar has low bulk density and interacts with soil particles to improve aggregation and porosity, thereby improving water holding capacity.

“BD gradually decreases with increases in biochar applications because it has a natural low BD that can also reduce soil BD by interacting with soil particles and improving aggregation and porosity, which improves water holding capacity as a result.”

May combine two claims.

Biochar application to soil can reduce CO2, CH4, and N2O.

“Studies have shown that biochar application into the soil can reduce CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O (Hussain et al. 2016).”

• cites Hussain et al. 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar consists of recalcitrant carbon structures that prevent decomposition and lead to long-term carbon storage.

“It is composed of recalcitrant C structures, and these properties prevent biochar from decomposition, which leads to longtime C storage (Surampalli et al. 2015).”

• cites Surampalli et al. 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Biochar structure can protect beneficial soil microorganisms that decompose organic materials, providing organic matter that binds soil particles and holds nutrients for plant growth.

“This structure can protect beneficial soil microorganisms that help decompose organic materials providing OM for the soil, which binds together soil particles and holds soil nutrients for plant growth (Atkinson et al. 2010).”

• cites Atkinson et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The low total nitrogen in the resultant biochar may be attributable to the heating process.

“Total N is low in the resultant biochar, which may be attributable to the heating process.”

May combine two claims.

Even over a short period, biochar addition lowers CO2 evolution, which may relate to long-term storage of atmospheric CO2 and could mitigate or delay global warming.

“Even in a short period, biochar addition decreases CO 2 evolution, which can be related to long-term storage of atmospheric CO 2 that may mitigate or defer global warming.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Light biomass materials can have larger surface areas, average pore sizes, and pore volumes than woody materials.

“Villegas-Pangga (2021) stated that light biomass materials can have increased surface areas and average pore size plus pore volume compared to woody materials.”

• cites Villegas-Pangga (2021)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The physical properties of corn-cob biochar shape its important role in soil and related environmental management.

“These physical properties of CCB influence its essential function in the soil and other related environmental management strategies (Villegas-Pangga 2021).”

• cites Villegas-Pangga 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar stimulates plant growth and increases fertilizer efficiency, especially when mixed with organic fertilizers such as compost.

“Recent studies have shown that biochar stimulates plant growth and increases fertilizer efficiency, especially when biochar is mixed with organic fertilizers such as compost (Schulz et al. 2013).”

• cites Schulz et al. 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The incubation glass jar was sealed to prevent gas leakage from decomposing organic materials.

“This glass jar was sealed to avoid leaking gasses from the decomposing organic materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar generally has a very high pH and contains nutrient elements.

“which is expected since biochar generally has a very high pH and contains nutrient elements (Villegas-Pangga 2021).”

• cites Villegas-Pangga 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar can act as a microbial shelter through its pore structure and maintain nutrients for microbial growth.

“Interactions between the biochar and the microbes are that biochar can act as a microbial shelter with its pore structure and maintain nutrients for microbial growth (Zhu et al. 2017).”

• cites Zhu et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Adding biochar appears to be a more efficient strategy for carbon sequestration.

“It appears that adding biochar would be a much more efficient strategy for C sequestration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The high pH of biochar may result from its high potassium content, which matches the results of this study.

“The high pH value of biochar might result from the high K content, which coincides with the results of this study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The EDS result showing that corn-cob biochar is mostly carbon may influence its performance as a carbon sink in soil and as a soil amendment.

“The EDS of CCB showing mostly C can likely influence its performance as a C sink in the soil and essential elements such as soil amendment (Villegas-Pangga 2021).”

• cites Villegas-Pangga 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar derived from plant biomass has high carbon concentration and contains macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn.

“Since biochar is derived from plant biomass, it has a high concentration of C and contains a range of plant macronutrients like N, P, K Ca, Mg, and micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn (Naeem et al. 2017).”

• cites Naeem et al. 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Biochar products made from different feedstocks can vary in chemical properties even when manufactured by the same process.

“However, biochar products made from different feedstocks could vary in chemical properties, even if the same process was used to manufacture them (Villegas-Pangga 2021).”

• cites Villegas-Pangga 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The high total potassium in corn-cob biochar is due to ash components of the biochar.

“The total P is low, while total K is high due to ash components of the biochar.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar improves soil nutrient retention, including increased NH4+ and P concentrations, decreased NO3-, and reduced nutrient leaching.

“Similarly, Surampalli et al. (2015) also state that biochar in the soil improves soil nutrient retention capacity ( e.g. increased NH 4 + and P concentrations and decreased NO 3 - in soil, reduced leaching of nutrients from the soil).”

• cites Surampalli et al. 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Biochar addition reduces carbon loss and increases soil carbon storage.

“Vasu (2015) revealed that the addition of biochar reduces C loss and increases soil C storage.”

• cites Vasu (2015)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Biochar addition significantly increased pH in incubated soils.

“This is supported by also Hailegnaw et al. (2019), stating that biochar addition increased pH significantly in incubated soils.”

• cites Hailegnaw et al. (2019)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The incubation study used 10 treatments with three replicates.

“The 10 treatments with three replicates and the amounts of added materials used in this study are shown in Table 1.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Biochar application raises soil pH, porosity, and water holding capacity, stabilizes soil organic matter, and lowers soil bulk density and tensile strength.

“This is confirmed by Hussain et al. (2016), noting that biochar application increases soil pH, porosity, and water holding capacity plus stabilizes soil OM through increased soil aggregation and reduced soil bulk density (SBD) and tensile strength.”

• cites Hussain et al. (2016)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design.

“The data gathered in this study that was laid out in a completely randomized design were analyzed using oneway analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) through the Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) 2.0 software developed by the International Rice Research Institute to determine the differences between treatment means at a 5% level of significance by L”

May combine two claims.

Carbon is stored in the soil, causing organic carbon to increase, which favors crop productivity.

“The incubation study showed that the addition of CCB into the soil reduces the CO 2 evolution; hence, C is stored in the soil, causing OC to increase in the ground that favors crop productivity.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Carbon was retained in the soil medium in biochar-treated soil.