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Cited by 258

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 142 of the 142 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Toxic Dimethylarginines: Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) and Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA)

Open access
Tain, You‐Lin, Hsu, Chien‐Ning·2017·Toxins
DOI 10.3390/toxins9030092
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Abstract

Asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA and SDMA, respectively) are toxic, non‐proteinogenic amino acids formed by post‐translational modification and are uremic toxins that inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production and play multifunctional roles in many human diseases. Both ADMA and SDMA have emerged as strong predictors of cardiovascular events and death in a range of illnesses. Major progress has been made in research on ADMA‐lowering therapies in animal studies; however, further studies are required to fill the translational gap between animal models and clinical trials in order to treat human diseases related to elevated ADMA/SDMA levels. Here, we review the reported impacts of ADMA and SDMA on human health and disease, focusing on the synthesis and metabolism of ADMA and SDMA; the pathophysiological roles of these dimethylarginines; clinical conditions and animal models associated with elevated ADMA and SDMA levels; and potential therapies against ADMA and SDMA. There is currently no specific pharmacological therapy for lowering the levels and counteracting the deleterious effects of ADMA and SDMA. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the impact of ADMA and SDMA on a wide range of human diseases is essential to the development of specific therapies against diseases related to ADMA and SDMA.

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Citations

Cites

Show all 142 references

Research works printed but not linked: 25

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Metadata

Authors
Tain, Y., & Hsu, C.
Venue
Toxins
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2017-03-06
Volume
9
Issue
3
Pages
92
ISSN
2072-6651 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/toxins9030092
OpenAlex
W2593341591
Cited by
258
References
142
FWCI
17.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (CMRPG8F0021, CMRPG8E0201, CMRPG8E0202)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Toxic Dimethylarginines: Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) and Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA). https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/toxins9030092
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Tain, Y., & Hsu, C. (2017). Toxic Dimethylarginines: Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) and Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA). Toxins. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9030092

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