Viral and host factors regulating HIV-1 envelope protein trafficking and particle incorporation
Open accessAbstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is an essential structural component of the virus, serving as the receptor-binding protein and principal neutralizing determinant. Env trimers are incorporated into developing particles at the plasma membrane of infected cells. Incorporation of HIV-1 Env into particles in T cells and macrophages is regulated by the long Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) and the matrix region of Gag. The CT incorporates motifs that interact with cellular factors involved in endosomal trafficking. Env follows an unusual pathway to arrive at the site of particle assembly, first traversing the secretory pathway to the plasma membrane (PM), then undergoing endocytosis, followed by directed sorting to the site of particle assembly on the PM. Many aspects of Env trafficking remain to be defined, including the sequential events that occur following endocytosis, leading to productive recycling and particle incorporation. This review focuses on the host factors and pathways involved in Env trafficking, and discusses leading models of Env incorporation into particles.
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Host factors and cellular trafficking pathways, including the secretory and endocytic recycling systems, contribute to Env's proper distribution and availability at sites of viral assembly.
“Host factors and cellular trafficking pathways, including the secretory and endocytic recycling systems, contribute to Env’s proper distribution and availability at sites of viral assembly”
From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Anokhin and Spearman 2022
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Self-citationEffects of HIV Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Proteolytic Processing on Antigenicity
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Analysis of HIV-1 Matrix-Envelope Cytoplasmic Tail Interactions
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Budding of a Retrovirus: Some Assemblies Required
Rose, K. M., Hirsch, V. M., & Bouamr, F. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12101188 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Gag lattice on the PM can be visualized by electron microscopy as densities underlying the lipid bilayer that sequentially induce membrane curvature, creating a spherical shell that buds from the membrane and is released by a final scission event mediated by the host ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for t…”
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Tedbury, P. R., Novikova, M., Alfadhli, A., Hikichi, Y., Kagiampakis, I., KewalRamani, V. N., Barklis, E., & Freed, E. O. (2019) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01526-19 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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SnapShot: Influenza by the Numbers
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Efficiency of Erythropoietin's Signal Peptide for HIVMN-1 gp 120 Expression
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A Conserved Tryptophan in the Envelope Cytoplasmic Tail Regulates HIV-1 Assembly and Spread
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The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein: structure, function and interactions with neutralizing antibodies
Klasse, P. J., Sanders, R. W., Ward, A. B., Wilson, I. A., & Moore, J. P. (2025) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-025-01206-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Get in and get out: Remodeling of the cellular actin cytoskeleton upon HIV‐1 infection
Serrano, T., Frémont, S., & Échard, A. (2023) · Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1111/boc.202200085 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Dual Function of RhoGDI2 in Immunity and Cancer
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Analysis of HIV-1 envelope cytoplasmic tail effects on viral replication
Alfadhli, A., Romanaggi, C., Barklis, R. L., & Barklis, E. (2023) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
MicroRNAs in HIV infection: dual regulators of viral replication and host immunity
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Adaptor Protein Complexes in HIV-1 Pathogenesis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential
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Self-citationProbing Gag-Env dynamics at HIV-1 assembly sites using live-cell microscopy
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“Host factors and cellular trafficking pathways, including the secretory and endocytic recycling systems, contribute to Env’s proper distribution and availability at sites of viral assembly (Anokhin and Spearman 2022 ).”
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Second site reversion of HIV-1 envelope protein baseplate mutations maps to the matrix protein
Alfadhli, A., Romanaggi, C., Barklis, R. L., & Barklis, E. (2024) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01742-23 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lerner, G., Ding, L., & Spearman, P. W. (2023) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00631-23 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular Genetics of Retrovirus Replication
Levin, J. G., Musier‐Forsyth, K., & Rein, A. R. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15071549 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Assembly of HTLV-1—How Does It Differ from HIV-1?
Herrmann, D., Meng, S., Yang, H., Mansky, L. M., & Saad, J. S. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16101528 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kazmierski, J., Postmus, D., Pietrobon, A. J., Wyler, E., Jansen, J., Møller, L. F., Fadejeva, J., Steijaert, T. H., Fischer, C., Koppe, U., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.075119 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 regulates HIV-1 replication in human CD4+ T cellsPreprint
Martinez, Z. S., Gutiérrez, D. A., Valenzuela, C. A., Seong, C.-S., & Llano, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598467 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lerner, G., Ding, L., Candor, K., & Spearman, P. W. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.17.572063 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationFigueroa, D. M., Valencia, T. R., Li, H., & Chen, B. K. (2026) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01542-25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mechanisms of HIV-1 assembly, release and maturation
Kleinpeter, A. B., & Freed, E. O. (2026) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-026-01327-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contribution of endosomal proteins EHD1 and EHD4 to the HIV ‐1 replication cycle
Pacini, G., Poalas, K., Versapuech, M., Berlioz‐Torrent, C., & Janvier, K. (2026) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.70639
Figueroa, D. M., Khaleeq, S., Weiß, S., Valencia, T., Mason, G., & Chen, B. K. (2026) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v18080811
- Authors
- Anokhin, B., & Spearman, P.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spearman, Paul
- Venue
- Viruses
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-08-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1729
- ISSN
- 1999-4915 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9415270
- OpenAlex
- W4292513020
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Viruses (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- NIH/NIAID (AI150486)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
- Keywords
- HIV-1, envelope glycoprotein, endosomal trafficking, endocytosis, secretory pathway, plasma membrane, recycling, host factors, T cells, macrophages
- MeSH terms
- Carrier Proteins, HIV-1, Virus Assembly, Protein Transport, env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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