CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 21Vaccine Coverage and HesitancyMisinformation and Its ImpactsRisk Perception and Management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A World without Measles and Rubella: Addressing the Challenge of Vaccine Hesitancy

Open access
Higgins, David M., O’Leary, Sean T.·2024·Vaccines
DOI 10.3390/vaccines12060694PMC PMC11209163
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The worldwide elimination of measles and rubella is feasible, but not without overcoming the substantial challenge of vaccine hesitancy. This challenge is complicated by the spread of misinformation and disinformation fueled by rapidly progressing technologies and evolving forms of online communication. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has only added further complexity to this challenge. However, considerable progress has been made in understanding the scope of the problem and the complex factors that influence vaccine hesitancy. Our understanding of evidence-based strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy has grown significantly, including evidence for effective communication and behavioral interventions. In this article, we review measles and rubella vaccines and vaccine hesitancy. We then provide an overview of evidence-based strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy, including communication strategies and behavioral interventions. This article is relevant to healthcare professionals, health system leaders, public health professionals, policymakers, community leaders, and any individuals who have a role in addressing vaccine hesitancy in their communities. Finally, we review future directions and major areas of research need.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/vaccines12060694

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Timeline of significant events in vaccine hesitancy [2,20].
Figure 1 Timeline of significant events in vaccine hesitancy [2,20].CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 4 references

Research works printed but not linked: 96

  1. Minta, 2023, Progress Toward Measles Elimination—Worldwide, 2000–2022, MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 72, 1262, 10.15585/mmwr.mm7246a3 · DOI
  2. Orenstein, W., Offit, P., Edwards, K.M., and Plotkin, S. (2023). Chapter 84—Vaccine Hesitancy and Behavioral Factors Associated With Vaccine Uptake. Plotkin’s Vaccines, Elsevier. [8th ed.].
  3. Orenstein, W., Offit, P., Edwards, K.M., and Plotkin, S. (2023). Chapter 54—Rubella Vaccines. Plotkin’s Vaccines, Elsevier. [8th ed.].
  4. Orenstein, W., Offit, P., Edwards, K.M., and Plotkin, S. (2023). Chapter 38—Measles Vaccines. Plotkin’s Vaccines, Elsevier. [8th ed.].
  5. Orenstein, W.A., Offit, P.A., Edwards, K.M., and Plotkin, S.A. (2022). Plotkin’s Vaccines, E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences.
  6. Ou, 2024, Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination—Worldwide, 2012–2022, MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 73, 162, 10.15585/mmwr.mm7308a2 · DOI
  7. Vynnycky, 2023, Estimates of the global burden of Congenital Rubella Syndrome, 1996–2019, Int. J. Infect. Dis., 137, 149, 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.09.003 · DOI
  8. Wakefield, 1999, MMR vaccination and autism, Lancet, 354, 949, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75696-8 · DOI
  9. Omer, 2020, The discredited doctor hailed by the anti-vaccine movement, Nature, 586, 668, 10.1038/d41586-020-02989-9 · DOI
  10. Nuwarda, R.F., Ramzan, I., Weekes, L., and Kayser, V. (2022). Vaccine Hesitancy: Contemporary Issues and Historical Background. Vaccines, 10. · DOI
  11. Davies, 2002, Antivaccination activists on the world wide web, Arch. Dis. Child., 87, 22, 10.1136/adc.87.1.22 · DOI
  12. Larson, 2022, The Vaccine-Hesitant Moment, N. Engl. J. Med., 387, 58, 10.1056/NEJMra2106441 · DOI
  13. Simas, 2020, Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: A large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study, Lancet, 396, 898, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31558-0 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Wolfe, 2002, Anti-vaccinationists past and present, BMJ, 325, 430, 10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430 · DOI
  15. Dudley, 2020, Words matter: Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine demand, vaccine confidence, herd immunity and mandatory vaccination, Vaccine, 38, 709, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.056 · DOI
  16. Bedford, 2018, Vaccine hesitancy, refusal and access barriers: The need for clarity in terminology, Vaccine, 36, 6556, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.004 · DOI
  17. Ward, 2021, Vaccine Hesitancy, Acceptance, and Anti-Vaccination: Trends and Future Prospects for Public Health, Annu. Rev. Public Health, 42, 175, 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102240 · DOI
  18. Leask, J., Kinnersley, P., Jackson, C., Cheater, F., Bedford, H., and Rowles, G. (2012). Communicating with parents about vaccination: A framework for health professionals. BMC Pediatr., 12. · DOI
  19. Gust, 2005, Immunization attitudes and beliefs among parents: Beyond a dichotomous perspective, Am. J. Health Behav., 29, 81, 10.5993/AJHB.29.1.7 · DOI
  20. Opel, 2024, Strategies for Improving Vaccine Communication and Uptake, Pediatrics, 153, e2023065483, 10.1542/peds.2023-065483 · DOI
  21. Opel, 2011, Development of a survey to identify vaccine-hesitant parents: The parent attitudes about childhood vaccines survey, Hum. Vaccin., 7, 419, 10.4161/hv.7.4.14120 · DOI
  22. Gilkey, 2014, The Vaccination Confidence Scale: A brief measure of parents’ vaccination beliefs, Vaccine, 32, 6259, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.007 · DOI
  23. Larson, 2015, Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool, Vaccine, 33, 4165, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.037 · DOI
  24. Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Heinemeier, D., Korn, L., Holtmann, C., and Böhm, R. (2018). Beyond confidence: Development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. PLoS ONE, 13. · DOI
  25. Wallace, 2019, Development of a valid and reliable scale to assess parents’ beliefs and attitudes about childhood vaccines and their association with vaccination uptake and delay in Ghana, Vaccine, 37, 848, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.055 · DOI
  26. Sabahelzain, M.M., Dubé, E., Moukhyer, M., Larson, H.J., van den Borne, B., and Bosma, H. (2020). Psychometric properties of the adapted measles vaccine hesitancy scale in Sudan. PLoS ONE, 15. · DOI
  27. Rosenstock, 1988, Social learning theory and the Health Belief Model, Health Educ. Q., 15, 175, 10.1177/109019818801500203 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Gilkey, 2023, It’s Time for a National Surveillance System for Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy, Pediatrics, 152, e2023063169, 10.1542/peds.2023-063169 · DOI
  29. Kumar, 2021, Setting up an epidemiological surveillance system for vaccine hesitancy outbreaks and illustration of its steps of investigation, Fam. Med. Community Health, 9, e001080, 10.1136/fmch-2021-001080 · DOI
  30. Higgins, 2023, The COVID-19 Pandemic and Parental Attitudes Toward Routine Childhood Vaccines, Pediatrics, 152, e2023062927, 10.1542/peds.2023-062927 · DOI
  31. Gust, 2008, Parents with doubts about vaccines: Which vaccines and reasons why, Pediatrics, 122, 718, 10.1542/peds.2007-0538 · DOI
  32. Daley, 2021, Temporal Trends in Undervaccination: A Population-Based Cohort Study, Am. J. Prev. Med., 61, 64, 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.037 · DOI
  33. Santibanez, 2020, Parental Vaccine Hesitancy and Childhood Influenza Vaccination, Pediatrics, 146, e2020007609, 10.1542/peds.2020-007609 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Opel, 2022, Parent Attitudes Towards Childhood Vaccines After the Onset of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, Acad. Pediatr., 22, 1407, 10.1016/j.acap.2022.06.014 · DOI
  35. Humble, 2023, The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parents’ perceptions and acceptance of routine childhood vaccination in Canada: A national longitudinal study, Vaccine, 41, 407, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.052 · DOI
  36. Eagan, 2023, Recent trends in vaccine coverage and confidence: A cause for concern, Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 19, 2237374, 10.1080/21645515.2023.2237374 · DOI
  37. Jalloh, 2020, Mobilize to vaccinate: Lessons learned from social mobilization for immunization in low and middle-income countries, Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 16, 1208, 10.1080/21645515.2019.1661206 · DOI
  38. Freed, 2011, Sources and perceived credibility of vaccine-safety information for parents, Pediatrics, 127, S107, 10.1542/peds.2010-1722P · DOI
  39. Kaufman, 2018, Face-to-face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 5, Cd010038
  40. Powell-Jackson, T., Fabbri, C., Dutt, V., Tougher, S., and Singh, K. (2018). Effect and cost-effectiveness of educating mothers about childhood DPT vaccination on immunisation uptake, knowledge, and perceptions in Uttar Pradesh, India: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med., 15. · DOI
  41. Usman, 2011, Randomized controlled trial to improve childhood immunization adherence in rural Pakistan: Redesigned immunization card and maternal education, Trop. Med. Int. Health, 16, 334, 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02698.x · DOI · Paper page
  42. Owais, A., Hanif, B., Siddiqui, A.R., Agha, A., and Zaidi, A.K. (2011). Does improving maternal knowledge of vaccines impact infant immunization rates? A community-based randomized-controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Public. Health, 11. · DOI
  43. Usman, 2009, Redesigned immunization card and center-based education to reduce childhood immunization dropouts in urban Pakistan: A randomized controlled trial, Vaccine, 27, 467, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.048 · DOI
  44. Danchin, 2019, Does informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination improve uptake?, J. Paediatr. Child Health, 55, 1142, 10.1111/jpc.14574 · DOI
  45. Smith, 2017, A systematic review of factors affecting vaccine uptake in young children, Vaccine, 35, 6059, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.046 · DOI
  46. Dempsey, 2016, Parents’ perceptions of provider communication regarding adolescent vaccines, Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 12, 1469, 10.1080/21645515.2016.1147636 · DOI
  47. Sabnis, 2003, The effect of education, feedback, and provider prompts on the rate of missed vaccine opportunities in a community health center, Clin. Pediatr., 42, 147, 10.1177/000992280304200208 · DOI
  48. Szilagyi, 1996, Missed opportunities for immunizations: A review of the evidence, J. Public Health Manag. Pract., 2, 18, 10.1097/00124784-199600210-00005 · DOI
  49. Sridhar, 2014, A systematic literature review of missed opportunities for immunization in low- and middle-income countries, Vaccine, 32, 6870, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.063 · DOI
  50. Hofstetter, 2017, Clinician-parent discussions about influenza vaccination of children and their association with vaccine acceptance, Vaccine, 35, 2709, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.077 · DOI
  51. Opel, 2015, The Influence of Provider Communication Behaviors on Parental Vaccine Acceptance and Visit Experience, Am. J. Public Health, 105, 1998, 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302425 · DOI
  52. Opel, 2012, Characterizing providers’ immunization communication practices during health supervision visits with vaccine-hesitant parents: A pilot study, Vaccine, 30, 1269, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.129 · DOI
  53. Opel, 2013, The relationship between parent attitudes about childhood vaccines survey scores and future child immunization status: A validation study, JAMA Pediatr., 167, 1065, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2483 · DOI
  54. Landicho, 2021, Nudging toward vaccination: A systematic review, BMJ Glob. Health, 6, e006237, 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006237 · DOI
  55. Opel, 2015, Measles, mandates, and making vaccination the default option, JAMA Pediatr., 169, 303, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0291 · DOI
  56. Malo, 2018, Why is announcement training more effective than conversation training for introducing HPV vaccination? A theory-based investigation, Implement. Sci., 13, 57, 10.1186/s13012-018-0743-8 · DOI
  57. Opel, 2018, Nudge or Grudge? Choice Architecture and Parental Decision-Making, Hastings Cent. Rep., 48, 33, 10.1002/hast.837 · DOI
  58. Kornides, 2018, Parents Who Decline HPV Vaccination: Who Later Accepts and Why?, Acad. Pediatr., 18, S37, 10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.008 · DOI
  59. Margolis, 2022, Provider response and follow-up to parental declination of HPV vaccination, Vaccine, 40, 344, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.055 · DOI
  60. Miller, 1996, Motivational interviewing: Research, practice, and puzzles, Addict. Behav., 21, 835, 10.1016/0306-4603(96)00044-5 · DOI
  61. Miller, W.R., and Rollnick, S. (1991). Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior, The Guilford Press.
  62. Dempsey, 2018, Effect of a Health Care Professional Communication Training Intervention on Adolescent Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA Pediatr., 172, e180016, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0016 · DOI
  63. Gagneur, 2020, Motivational interviewing: A powerful tool to address vaccine hesitancy, Can. Commun. Dis. Rep., 46, 93, 10.14745/ccdr.v46i04a06 · DOI
  64. Lemaitre, 2019, Impact of a vaccination promotion intervention using motivational interview techniques on long-term vaccine coverage: The PromoVac strategy, Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 15, 732, 10.1080/21645515.2018.1549451 · DOI
  65. Glanternik, 2020, Evaluation of a Vaccine-Communication Tool for Physicians, J. Pediatr., 224, 72, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.007 · DOI
  66. Opel, 2020, ‘Presumptively Initiating Vaccines and Optimizing Talk with Motivational Interviewing’ (PIVOT with MI) trial: A protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of a clinician vaccine communication intervention, BMJ Open, 10, e039299, 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039299 · DOI
  67. Spina, 2023, Development of PIVOT with MI: A motivational Interviewing-Based vaccine communication training for pediatric clinicians, Vaccine, 41, 1760, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.010 · DOI
  68. Szilagyi, 2021, Effect of Training Pediatric Clinicians in Human Papillomavirus Communication Strategies on Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Rates: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA Pediatr., 175, 901, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0766 · DOI
  69. Cataldi, 2020, Evidence-based strategies to increase vaccination uptake: A review, Curr. Opin. Pediatr., 32, 151, 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000843 · DOI
  70. Cataldi, 2021, Parental vaccine hesitancy: Scope, causes, and potential responses, Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 34, 519, 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000774 · DOI
  71. Glanz, 2020, Web-Based Tailored Messaging to Increase Vaccination: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Pediatrics, 146, e20200669, 10.1542/peds.2020-0669 · DOI
  72. Atkinson, 2016, Can mobile technologies improve on-time vaccination? A study piloting maternal use of ImmunizeCA, a Pan-Canadian immunization app, Hum. Vaccines Immunother., 12, 2654, 10.1080/21645515.2016.1194146 · DOI
  73. Glanz, 2017, Web-based Social Media Intervention to Increase Vaccine Acceptance: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Pediatrics, 140, e20171117, 10.1542/peds.2017-1117 · DOI
  74. Narwaney, 2019, Efficacy of a Web-Based Intervention to Increase Uptake of Maternal Vaccines: An RCT, Am. J. Prev. Med., 57, e125, 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.05.018 · DOI
  75. Dempsey, A.F., Maertens, J., Beaty, B., and O’Leary, S.T. (2015). Characteristics of users of a tailored, interactive website for parents and its impact on adolescent vaccination attitudes and uptake. BMC Res. Notes, 8. · DOI
  76. Fadda, 2017, Effectiveness of a smartphone app to increase parents’ knowledge and empowerment in the MMR vaccination decision: A randomized controlled trial, Hum. Vaccines Immunother., 13, 2512, 10.1080/21645515.2017.1360456 · DOI
  77. Dudley, M.Z., Omer, S.B., O’Leary, S.T., Limaye, R.J., Ellingson, M.K., Spina, C.I., Brewer, S.E., Bednarczyk, R.A., Chamberlain, A.T., and Malik, F. (2022). MomsTalkShots, tailored educational app, improves vaccine attitudes: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 22. · DOI
  78. Bednarczyk, 2017, ReadyVax: A new mobile vaccine information app, Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 13, 1149, 10.1080/21645515.2016.1263779 · DOI
  79. Montagni, 2020, Digital Gamification to Enhance Vaccine Knowledge and Uptake: Scoping Review, JMIR Serious Games, 8, e16983, 10.2196/16983 · DOI
  80. Nyhan, 2014, Effective messages in vaccine promotion: A randomized trial, Pediatrics, 133, e835, 10.1542/peds.2013-2365 · DOI · Paper page
  81. Puri, 2020, Social media and vaccine hesitancy: New updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases, Hum. Vaccines Immunother., 16, 2586, 10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846 · DOI
  82. World Health Organization (2022). Fifth Virtual WHO Infodemic Management Conference, 2, 4, 9 and 11 November 2021: Meeting Report. Steps towards Measuring the Burden of Infodemics, World Health Organization.
  83. Wilhelm, 2023, Measuring the Burden of Infodemics: Summary of the Methods and Results of the Fifth WHO Infodemic Management Conference, JMIR Infodemiology, 3, e44207, 10.2196/44207 · DOI
  84. Rodewald, 1999, A randomized study of tracking with outreach and provider prompting to improve immunization coverage and primary care, Pediatrics, 103, 31, 10.1542/peds.103.1.31 · DOI
  85. Lieu, 1998, Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of letters, automated telephone messages, or both for underimmunized children in a health maintenance organization, Pediatrics, 101, E3, 10.1542/peds.101.4.e3 · DOI
  86. Lemstra, 2011, The effectiveness of telephone reminders and home visits to improve measles, mumps and rubella immunization coverage rates in children, Paediatr. Child. Health, 16, e1, 10.1093/pch/16.1.e1 · DOI
  87. Bordley, 2000, The effect of audit and feedback on immunization delivery: A systematic review, Am. J. Prev. Med., 18, 343, 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00126-4 · DOI
  88. Shaw, 2000, Impact of an encounter-based prompting system on resident vaccine administration performance and immunization knowledge, Pediatrics, 105, 978, 10.1542/peds.105.S3.978 · DOI
  89. Burns, 2002, Effectiveness of chart prompt about immunizations in an urban health center, J. Fam. Pract., 51, 1018
  90. Fiks, 2009, Impact of electronic health record-based alerts on influenza vaccination for children with asthma, Pediatrics, 124, 159, 10.1542/peds.2008-2823 · DOI
  91. Levin, 2023, Cost-effectiveness of measles and rubella elimination in low-income and middle-income countries, BMJ Glob. Health, 8, e011526, 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011526 · DOI
  92. Yokley, 1984, Increasing the immunization of preschool children; an evaluation of applied community interventions, J. Appl. Behav. Anal., 17, 313, 10.1901/jaba.1984.17-313 · DOI
  93. Banerjee, 2010, Improving immunisation coverage in rural India: Clustered randomised controlled evaluation of immunisation campaigns with and without incentives, BMJ, 340, c2220, 10.1136/bmj.c2220 · DOI · Paper page
  94. Gibson, 2019, Text Message Reminders and Unconditional Monetary Incentives to Improve Measles Vaccination in Western Kenya: Study Protocol for the Mobile and Scalable Innovations for Measles Immunization Randomized Controlled Trial, JMIR Res. Protoc., 8, e13221, 10.2196/13221 · DOI
  95. Seth, 2018, Mobile Phone Incentives for Childhood Immunizations in Rural India, Pediatrics, 141, e20173455, 10.1542/peds.2017-3455 · DOI
  96. Vanderslott, 2021, Charting mandatory childhood vaccination policies worldwide, Vaccine, 39, 4054, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.065 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Higgins, D. M., & O’Leary, S. T.
Affiliations
Children's Hospital Colorado (US)
Corresponding author
O’Leary, Sean T.
ORCID
Venue
Vaccines
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-06-20
Volume
12
Issue
6
Pages
694
ISSN
2076-393X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/vaccines12060694
PMC
PMC11209163
OpenAlex
W4399891548
Cited by
21
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 3
FWCI
2.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (T32HP42016)
  • Health Resources and Services Administration (T32HP42016)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
Keywords
vaccine hesitancy, measles, rubella, measles elimination, rubella elimination, misinformation, disinformation, COVID-19 pandemic, communication strategies, behavioral interventions, measles vaccine, rubella vaccine, public health policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review