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Cited by 12Microbial infections and disease researchAnimal Virus Infections StudiesAnimal Disease Management and Epidemiology

A Review of UK-Registered and Candidate Vaccines for Bovine Respiratory Disease

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Lemon, Joanne L., McMenamy, Michael J.·2021·Vaccines
DOI 10.3390/vaccines9121403PMC PMC8703677
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Abstract

Vaccination is widely regarded as a cornerstone in animal or herd health and infectious disease management. Nineteen vaccines against the major pathogens implicated in bovine respiratory disease are registered for use in the UK by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). However, despite annual prophylactic vaccination, bovine respiratory disease is still conservatively estimated to cost the UK economy approximately £80 million per annum. This review examines the vaccine types available, discusses the surrounding literature and scientific rationale of the limitations and assesses the potential of novel vaccine technologies.

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  • Management-based prevention is the most effective tool for reducing antibiotic reliance.

    “These observations support the findings observed in earlier papers by Lemon and McMenamy (69) and Richeson (70), who argued that management-based prevention is the most effective tool for reducing antibiotic reliance.”

    From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [69]

    The Introduction identifies farm-management practices as risk factors for bovine respiratory disease, and §4.1 describes heavy reliance on antibiotics as a concern. But the review does not argue that management-based prevention is the most effective way to reduce that reliance; §5 instead emphasizes research into more effective vaccines. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Authors
Lemon, J. L., & McMenamy, M. J.
Affiliations
Agri Food and Biosciences Institute (GB)
Corresponding author
Lemon, Joanne L.
Venue
Vaccines
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-11-27
Volume
9
Issue
12
Pages
1403
ISSN
2076-393X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/vaccines9121403
PMC
PMC8703677
OpenAlex
W3217464680
Cited by
12
References
189
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
FWCI
0.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, UK Government
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
Keywords
bovine respiratory disease, cattle vaccines, vaccine candidate, vaccine limitations, veterinary vaccination, economic cost of disease

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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