Cited by 50Environmental Education and SustainabilityCoastal and Marine ManagementBehavioral Health and Interventions

Perceived Behavioral Control as a Mediator between Attitudes and Intentions toward Marine Responsible Environmental Behavior

Open access
Lin, Yi-Chen, Liu, Guang-Ying, Chang, Chun-Yen, Lin, Chi-Feng, Huang, Chung-Yi, Chen, Lin-Wen, Yeh, Ting-Kuang·2021·Water

Abstract

The marine environment has plunged into crisis with the growth of human activities. The enhancement of responsible environmental behavior (REB) requires policy and education to cultivate social awareness and actions to sustain marine resources. Several studies revealed that the intention serves as an effective predictor of actual behaviors. Furthermore, researchers generally acknowledge that attitudes and perceived behavioral control are potential factors toward behavior intention. However, some research has found that a positive attitude toward the environment does not translate into responsible environmental behavior. Additionally, the model of behavior in the marine context, especially the relationships between attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and the intention of responsible environmental behavior, are still not clear. Students’ attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and intentions toward responsible marine environmental behavior (M-REB) were evaluated via questionnaires. The data from a total of 79 undergraduate students were analyzed. The results suggest that perceived behavioral control is the mediator between attitudes and intentions toward M-REB. This finding reveals the potential benefits of reconsidering the importance of perceived behavioral control in promoting M-REB and provides empirical evidence for future policy-makers in society and education.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/w13050580

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Governance quality moderates the magnitude of the relationship between water stress and state capacity.

    “In the moderator perspective, governance quality conditions the magnitude of the relationship between water stress and state capacity (Lin et al., 2021).”

    From Climate Security, Water Governance, and Resilience How Climate-Induced Water Stress and Migration Challenge State Capacity (2026) · cites this paper as Lin et al., 2021

    The methods passage (page unavailable) examines perceived behavioral control as a mediator between attitudes and intentions toward marine responsible environmental behavior. Searches for governance quality, water stress, and state capacity found no passage addressing the claimed moderating relationship. (LLM, conf=0.75)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 37

  1. Cowen, R.K.; Gawarkiewicz, G.; Pineda, J.; Thorrold, S.R.; Werner, F.E. Population connectivity in marine systems an overview. Oceanography 2007, 20, 14-21. [CrossRef] · DOI
  2. Baskett, M.L.; Barnett, L.A. The ecological and evolutionary consequences of marine reserves. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2015, 46, 49-73. [CrossRef] · DOI
  3. Guest, H.; Lotze, H.K.; Wallace, D. Youth and the sea: Ocean literacy in Nova Scotia, Canada. Mar. Policy 2015, 58, 98-107. [CrossRef] · DOI
  4. Sia, A.P.; Hungerford, H.R.; Tomera, A.N. Selected predictors of responsible environmental behavior: An analysis. J. Environ. Educ. 1986, 17, 31-40. [CrossRef] · DOI
  5. Cava, F.; Schoedinger, S.; Strang, C.; Tuddenham, P. Science content and standards for ocean literacy: A report on ocean literacy. Retrieved March 2005, 25, 2015.
  6. Hungerford, H.R.; Volk, T.L. Changing learner behavior through environmental education. J. Environ. Educ. 1990, 21, 8-21. [CrossRef] · DOI
  7. Wen, W.-C.; Lu, S.-Y. Marine environmental protection knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and curricular involvement of Taiwanese primary school students in senior grades. Environ. Educ. Res. 2013, 19, 600-619. [CrossRef] · DOI
  8. Small, C.; Nicholls, R.J. A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones. J. Coast. Res. 2003, 19, 584-599.
  9. Stern, M.J.; Frensley, B.T.; Powell, R.B.; Ardoin, N.M. What difference do role models make? Investigating outcomes at a residential environmental education center. Environ. Educ. Res. 2018, 24, 818-830. [CrossRef] · DOI
  10. De Leeuw, A.; Valois, P.; Ajzen, I.; Schmidt, P. Using the theory of planned behavior to identify key beliefs underlying pro- environmental behavior in high-school students: Implications for educational interventions. J. Environ. Psychol. 2015, 42, 128-138. [CrossRef] · DOI
  11. Gkargkavouzi, A.; Halkos, G.; Matsiori, S. Environmental behavior in a private-sphere context: Integrating theories of planned behavior and value belief norm, self-identity and habit. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 148, 145-156. [CrossRef] · DOI
  12. Cottrell, S.P. Influence of sociodemographics and environmental attitudes on general responsible environmental behavior among recreational boaters. Environ. Behav. 2003, 35, 347-375. [CrossRef] · DOI
  13. Ajzen, I.; Fishbein, M. Attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of specific behavior. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 1973, 27, 41. [CrossRef] · DOI
  14. Chen, C.-L.; Tsai, C.-H. Marine environmental awareness among university students in Taiwan: A potential signal for sustainabil- ity of the oceans. Environ. Educ. Res. 2016, 22, 958-977. [CrossRef] · DOI
  15. Heberlein, T.A.; Black, J.S. Attitudinal specificity and the prediction of behavior in a field setting. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 1976, 33, 474. [CrossRef] · DOI
  16. Baron, R.M.; Kenny, D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 1986, 51, 1173. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  17. Ajzen, I. Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior 1. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 32, 665-683. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  18. Bamberg, S.; Möser, G. Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. J. Environ. Psychol. 2007, 27, 14-25. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  19. Han, H.; Hsu, L.-T.J.; Sheu, C. Application of the theory of planned behavior to green hotel choice: Testing the effect of environmental friendly activities. Tour. Manag. 2010, 31, 325-334. [CrossRef] · DOI
  20. Wang, S.; Lin, S.; Li, J. Exploring the effects of non-cognitive and emotional factors on household electricity saving behavior. Energy Policy 2018, 115, 171-180. [CrossRef] · DOI
  21. Desombre, C.; Lamotte, M.; Jury, M. French teachers' general attitude toward inclusion: The indirect effect of teacher efficacy. Educ. Psychol. 2019, 39, 38-50. [CrossRef] · DOI
  22. Hungerford, H.R.; Peyton, R.B. A paradigm for citizen responsibility: Environmental action. Curr. Issues Vl Yearb. Environ. Educ. Environ. Stud. 1980, 400, 169-170.
  23. Norman, R. Affective-cognitive consistency, attitudes, conformity, and behavior. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 1975, 32, 83. [CrossRef] · DOI
  24. Bandura, A.; Freeman, W.; Lightsey, R. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1999.
  25. Van Dinther, M.; Dochy, F.; Segers, M. Factors affecting students' self-efficacy in higher education. Educ. Res. Rev. 2011, 6, 95-108. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  26. Bandura, A. Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educ. Psychol. 1993, 28, 117-148. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  27. MacKinnon, D.P.; Dwyer, J.H. Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Eval. Rev. 1993, 17, 144-158. [CrossRef] · DOI
  28. Sobel, M.E. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociol. Methodol. 1982, 13, 290-312. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  29. Whitmarsh, L.; O'Neill, S. Green identity, green living? The role of pro-environmental self-identity in determining consistency across diverse pro-environmental behaviours. J. Environ. Psychol. 2010, 30, 305-314. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  30. Boubonari, T.; Markos, A.; Kevrekidis, T. Greek pre-service teachers' knowledge, attitudes, and environmental behavior toward marine pollution. J. Environ. Educ. 2013, 44, 232-251. [CrossRef] · DOI
  31. Kim, B.S.; Omizo, M.M. Asian and European American Cultural Values, Collective Self-Esteem, Acculturative Stress, Cognitive Flexibility, and General Self-Efficacy Among Asian American College Students. J. Couns. Psychol. 2005, 52, 412. [CrossRef] · DOI
  32. Constantine, M.G.; Okazaki, S.; Utsey, S.O. Self-concealment, social self-efficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 2004, 74, 230-241. [CrossRef] · DOI
  33. Lee, Y.-k.; Kim, S.; Kim, M.-s.; Choi, J.-g. Antecedents and interrelationships of three types of pro-environmental behavior. J. Bus. Res. 2014, 67, 2097-2105. [CrossRef] · DOI
  34. Weiner, I.B., Craighead, W.E., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2010. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  35. Palmer, D. Sources of self-efficacy in a science methods course for primary teacher education students. Res. Sci. Educ. 2006, 36, 337-353. [CrossRef] · DOI
  36. Schunk, D.H. Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 1989, 1, 173-208.
  37. CrossRef · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Lin, Y.-C., Liu, G.-Y., Chang, C.-Y., Lin, C.-F., Huang, C.-Y., Chen, L.-W., & Yeh, T.-K.
Affiliations
  • National Taiwan Normal University (TW)
  • Department of Earth Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
Corresponding author
  • Chen, Lin-Wen
  • Yeh, Ting-Kuang
Venue
Water
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-02-24
Volume
13
Issue
5
Pages
580
ISSN
2073-4441 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3132340808
Cited by
50
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4
FWCI
7.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Water (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Environmental Education and Sustainability
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Coastal and Marine Management
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords
pro-environmental behavior, marine environment, perceived behavioral control, attitude-behavior relationship, behavioral intention, mediation, university students, environmental attitudes, marine conservation education

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review