Analysis of the Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Residential Distribution Grids by using Quadratic and Dynamic Programming
Open accessAbstract
The charging of batteries of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles at home at standard outlets has an impact on the distribution grid which may require serious investments in grid expansion. The coordination of the charging gives an improvement of the grid exploitation in terms of reduced power losses and voltage deviations with respect to uncoordinated charging. The vehicles must be dispatchable to achieve the most efficient solution. As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced. Two main techniques are analyzed in this paper: quadratic and dynamic programming. Both techniques are compared in results and storage requirements. The charging can be coordinated directly or indirectly by the grid utility or an aggregator who will sell the aggregated demand of PHEVs at the utility. PHEVs can also discharge and so inject energy in the grid to restrict voltage drops. The amount of energy that is injected in the grid depends on the price tariffs, the charging and discharging efficiencies and the battery energy content. The impact of a voltage controller embedded in a PHEV charger is regarded in this paper. A day and night tariff are applied. The charging and discharging of vehicles can respond to real-time pricing or on a price-schedule as well. Voltage control is the first step in the utilization of distributed resources like PHEVs for ancillary services.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Without some form of controlled charging for EVs, a significant increase in the number of overloading incidences will impact on the lifetime of these network components.
“Without some form of controlled charging for EVs, a significant increase in the number of overloading incidences will impact on the lifetime of these network components [6].”
From Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles in Low-Voltage Distribution Systems (2012) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction (page not provided) says grid operators have reason to avoid transformer and feeder overload, and that coordinated charging could shift demand away from high-consumption periods. The paper does not establish a significant increase in overloading incidences without controlled charging or assess effects on component lifetime. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid
Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., & Driesen, J. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2036481 · Cited by 2,847 · see citing works
Self-citationVehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue
Kempton, W., & Tomić, J. (2005) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.025 · Cited by 2,323 · see citing works
Kempton, W., & Tomić, J. (2005) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.022 · Cited by 2,126 · see citing works
Radial distribution test feeders
Kersting, W. H. (1991) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/59.119237 · Cited by 1,912 · see citing works
Optimal Operation of Multireservoir Systems: State-of-the-Art Review
Labadie, J. W. (2004) · Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2004)130:2(93 · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
Adaptive Control Processes: A Guided Tour
Morgenstern, D., & Bellman, R. (1962) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1909901 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
The empirical behavior of sampling methods for stochastic programming
Linderoth, J., Shapiro, A., & Wright, S. J. (2006) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-006-6169-8 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Denholm, P. L., & Short, W. (2006) · doi:10.2172/888683 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle developments in the US: Trends, barriers, and economic feasibility
Wirasingha, S. G., Schofield, N., & Emadi, A. (2008) · IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) · doi:10.1109/vppc.2008.4677702 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Dynamic Optimal Unit Commitment and Loading in Hydropower Systems
Yi, J., Labadie, J. W., & Stitt, S. (2003) · Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2003)129:5(388 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Utilization and effect of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the United States power grid
Jenkins, S. D., Rossmaier, J., & Ferdowsi, M. (2008) · IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) · doi:10.1109/vppc.2008.4677501 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Robust planning methodology for integration of stochastic generators in distribution grids
Haesen, E., Driesen, J., & Belmans, R. J. M. (2007) · IET Renewable Power Generation · doi:10.1049/iet-rpg:20060012 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationThe challenge to fulfill electrical power requirements of advanced vehicles
Anderman, M. (2004) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., & Driesen, J. (2008) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 16 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- K. Clement, K. Van Reusel, and J. Driesen, "The consumption of electrical energy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in belgium," in 2nd European Ele-Drive Transportation Conf., Brussels, Belgium, May 2007.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles in Low-Voltage Distribution Systems
Richardson, P., Flynn, D., & Keane, A. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2011.2158247 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
“Although the concept of vehicle-to-grid for local system support or otherwise exists [12], [13], [15], [17], bi-directional flow of electricity to and from an EV battery is not considered in this work.”
BackgroundAdoption of PHEV/EV in Malaysia: A critical review on predicting consumer behaviour
Adnan, N., Nordin, S. M., & Rahman, I. (2017) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.121 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Knapen, L., Kochan, B., Bellemans, T., Janssens, D., & Wets, G. (2012) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2287-18 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Darabi, Z., & Ferdowsi, M. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2013.2261305 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Activity based models for countrywide electric vehicle power demand calculation
Knapen, L., Kochan, B., Bellemans, T., Janssens, D., & Wets, G. (2011) · IEEE International Workshop on Smart Grid Modeling and Simulation (SGMS) · doi:10.1109/sgms.2011.6089019 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Distributed multi-agent algorithm for residential energy management in smart grids
Mets, K., Strobbe, M., Verschueren, T., Roelens, T., Turck, F. D., & Develder, C. (2012) · IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS) · doi:10.1109/noms.2012.6211928 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Shahriar, S., & Al-Ali, A. R. (2022) · Applied System Innovation · doi:10.3390/asi5010012 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fair charging strategies for EVs connected to a low-voltage distribution network
Liu, M., McNamara, P., & McLoone, S. (2013) · IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe · doi:10.1109/isgteurope.2013.6695268 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on the Electricity System
Clement-Nyns, K. (2010) · Lirias (KU Leuven) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationExamining power grid's capacity to meet transportation electrification demand
Darabi, Z., & Ferdowsi, M. (2012) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345204 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Liu, M., & McLoone, S. (2013) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37105-9_48 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Electric Vehicle Scheduling and Charging in Smart Cities
Amjad, M., Rehmani, M. H., & Umer, T. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119360124.ch18 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mody, S., & Steffen, T. (2015) · SAE International journal of passenger cars. Electronic and electrical systems · doi:10.4271/2015-01-0302 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Benefits of Stochastic Optimisation with Grid Price Prediction for Electric Vehicle Charging
Mody, S., & Steffen, T. (2017) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2017-01-1701 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging in Distribution Networks
Submitted, T., & Unda, G. (2013) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Determination of Optimal Locations for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Central Kampala
Nagawa, D., Aryeija, A., Serugunda, J., Namaganda-Kiyimba, J., Letaru, L., & Mulumba, A. M. (2025) · IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability · doi:10.1109/sustech63138.2025.11025636 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pojazdy elektryczne typu "plug in" jako rozproszone zasoby energetyczne
Malko, J. (2010) · Rynek Energii · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chittock, L. (2015) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · doi:10.48780/publications.aston.ac.uk.00026879
Cost-optimal charging of electric vehicles using real-time pricing
Mody, S. (2018) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University)
Optimal Charging and allocation Of Electric Vehicles In Distribution Systems
Darla, Y. R. K., Basivireddy, A., & Albert, A. W. (2019) · Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT) · doi:10.1109/i-pact44901.2019.8960110
Cosinus: Monitoring Electric Vehicles
Vo, S. T. (2019) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
- Authors
- Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., & Driesen, J.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Clement-Nyns, Kristien
- ORCID
- Driesen, Johan
- Venue
- World Electric Vehicle Journal
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2009-06-26
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 214-224
- ISSN
- 2032-6653 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W332445274
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- World Electric Vehicle Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Lirias (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Keywords
- plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, coordinated charging, stochastic programming, quadratic programming, dynamic programming, power losses, voltage deviation, vehicle-to-grid discharging, voltage regulation, real-time pricing, charging and discharging efficiency, grid expansion, ancillary services, load forecasting uncertainty
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
